By Dr M M Meetei
In Manipur, 3.6 per cent of the total in-migrants of last residence is counted for work and employment in 2001 Census. Out of the total 13,716 in-migrants for work and employment, 48 per cent is enumerated as highest in intra-district migration while migrants from abroad (foreigners) is the least one (1.2.%). In-migrants from other districts and other states however recorded as 37.1 per cent and 13.8 per cent respectively. The age group 40-59 years occupied the largest in-migrants with 42.6 per cent of the total migrants of work and employment and followed by 35-39 years (15.3%).
Business: In general, Manipuris are not well-verse in business. A person can be said to have moved for business if she/he has moved to the place of enumeration from her/his place of last residence for joining a business or setting up/running a business. The word “business” refers to an economic activity involving some risk-taking either an own account or in partnership with others.
Only 1.1 per cent of total in-migrants of the last residence belonged to business in which intra-district migrants occupied 40.4 per cent as highest. The business communities migrated from other states is recorded as the next with 31.8 per cent while foreigners involved only 3.1 per cent. The inter-district businessmen share is 24.7 per cent of the total business communities. It is also stated that age group 40-59 years also marked the highest migrants with 39.4 per cent while age group 0-14 years the least one (0.5%).
Education: Education is one of the smallest sections of in-migrants with only 1 per cent of the total migrants of the last residence. A person can be said to have moved for educational purposes if she/he has moved to the place of enumeration from her/his place of last residence for joining a school/college or any other type of educational institution either for the first time or for continuously. It is recorded that among the migrants, intra-district migration is occupied as the highest with 54.7 per cent in education and followed by inter-district (40.2%), from other states (4.6%) and from abroad (0.5%) respectively. In education the age group 15-19 years recorded as highest with 28.1 per cent followed by age group 0-14 (22.2%) and 20-24 (21.3%).
Marriage: Marriage is the common nature of migration among the females. In Manipur, 25.3 per cent is considered to be reason for marriage in 2001. It is stated that intra-district migration is occupied as the largest with 81.1 per cent and followed by inter-district migration (16.3%).
The proportion of migrants from other states and abroad are recorded as 2.4 per cent and 0.2 per cent respectively. It may be recalled that in Manipur late marriage is solemnized nowadays as a common phenomenon and it is supported that the age group 40-59 years migrated as highest with 36.0 per cent in which females are 98.2 per cent and males are only 1.8 per cent. It is also observed that more females (98.5%) have migrated than males (1.5%)
Moved After Birth: When a woman temporarily moves into a hospital or to her parents or other relatives’ house for delivery and if the hospital or parents/relatives house is in a place different from her usual place of residence, the place where the hospital or parents/relatives’ house is will be the place of last residence of the child but not the mother. So, such group of children is counted for migration of moved after birth.
Only 0.4 per cent recorded as moved after birth in 2001 in which intra-district migration occupied as the highest with 82.7 per cent and it may be observed that childbirth facilities have availed within the district itself. The other figures are followed by inter-district migration (13.0%), inter-state migration (3.9%) and from abroad (0.4%) respectively. Further, it is stated that the age group 0-14 years migrated as highest with 46.2 per cent.
Moved with Household: The reason moved with household will refer mainly to cases where the entire household moves. If a person is migrated for transfer and posting, she/he will be treated as work/employment but her/his other family members are counted for moved with household. This migration type occupied 11.1 per cent of the total migrants of last residence. .
The intra-district migration in respect of moved with household marked the highest as 60.5 per cent followed by inter-district (29.5%), from other States (8.7%), and from abroad (1.3%). In another comparison, the age group 40-59 years recorded the highest proportion with 23.3 per cent followed by 0-14 years (22.9%). .
Others: Any other reason will include all other reasons for migration not covered under work/employment, business, education, marriage, moved after birth and moved with household. Similarly as stated at place of birth, the communal clash arises among the hilly peoples in 1992-93 and ethnic violence between the Meiteis and Meitei Pangals in 1993 have affected the migration pattern in Manipur after the 1991 Census. Of the total in-migrants of last residence, 57.5 per cent as the highest belonged to any other reason.
Large-scale intra-district migration happened throughout the state with 86.2 per cent in this regard. It is informed that the inter-district migration occupied 11.1 per cent as the next and followed by from other states (2.5%) and from abroad (0.2%) respectively.
Age and Literacy: In Manipur as per place of last residence, there are 377,059 migrants in which 58.7 per cent are females and 41.3 per cent are males. The Census of India 2001 has divided into 9 different age groups among the total migrants as highlighted at Table No.II. The age group 40-59 shows with 24.6 per cent of the total in-migrants as highest while age not stated is the least one (0.3 %). The proportion of other age groups are recorded as - 0-14 years (18.8 %), 15-19 years (7.7 %), 20-24 years (9.2 %), 25-29 years (10.2 %), 30-34 years (9.5 %), 35-39 years (9.7 %) and 60+ years (10.0 %) respectively.
The percentage of literacy rate including 0-6 age group to total immigrants is 59.1 per cent and the age group 15-19 years occupied the highest literacy rate with 82.1 per cent of the total migrants while age group 0-14 stands the least one (43.3%).
Age and Workers: Among the in-migrants, 55.2 per cent is calculated as workers in 2001. The term workers in census means person involving in economically productive works during the reference period of one year, i.e. from 9th February 2000 to 8th February 2001 for the Census of India 2001. Those persons who engaged in any economically productive works as 6 months and above are treated as ‘Main Workers’ and this workers group occupied 37.8 per cent of the total in-migrants while involving less then 6 months are called ‘Marginal Workers’ (17.4%).
Further, it is noted that those peoples who are seeking/available for work among the marginal and non-workers are also calculated as 26.7 percent and 15.8 percent of the total marginal and non-workers respectively. It is also recorded that among the main workers, the age group 40-59 calculated 39.4 percent as highest and followed by 35-39 (14.5%), 30-34 (12.8%), 25-79 (11.1%), 60+ (10.1%), 20-24 (7.3%), 15-19 (2.9%) and age not stated (0.3%). One of the interesting analyses is that even having the restriction of child labourer in the Country and state as well, the proportion of main workers in age, 0-14, to total main workers is found to be 1.6 ‘percent. Similarly in marginal and non-workers, the age group 40-59 stands the largest workers with 29.2 percent and 10.2 percent respectively while age not stated found the least one (0.2% &0.4%).
Age and Marital Status: Each and every person of the every household should be canvassed information of marital status irrespective of their ages. The Census of India, 2001 has divided into 5 different categories of marital status. Out of the total migrants as per last residence, 18.2 percent is reported as duration of residence 0-9 years which was stayed at the enumeration area after migration from her/his usual residence, among them currently married constituted as highest with 66.0 percent and followed by never married (31.0%), widowed (2.3%), divorced and separated (0.7%) and there -is no record on unspecified. Further in currently married group, the age group 20-29 years recorded as highest with 44.4 percent in which females contributed 92.2 percent and males (7.8%). It is very interested that there is 148 couples recorded as currently married means not yet divorced and separated and living together since marriage in age above 80 years in the state. There is no any marriage couples in age group 0-9 years and it is indicated that no child marriage is practiced in the state. It is also reported that number of females widow (86.1%) is more than males (13.9%) in the state. Divorced and separated females (76.3%) are also recorded more than males (23.7%). However, in never married category, more males are constituted with 55.6 percent than females (44.4%).
Duration of Residence: How many completed years have stayed continuously in the village/town where the person is being enumerated after migration from her/his usual residence is also collected in migration. This question will apply even to a person born at the place of enumeration who had subsequently shifted to some other place because of the reasons noted above and come back again to reside in this village/town. But, it is not applicable for temporary visit or tour, etc.
For smooth analysis, the Census of India 2001 has divided into 6 different categories of duration of residence (Table-III), viz. 1) Less than 1 year, 2) 1 to 4 years, 3) 5 to 9 years, 4) 10 to 19 years, 5) 20 years and above and 6) duration not stated. Among these groups, the last category, i.e. duration not stated occupied the largest in-migrants with 53.4 percent and followed by 20 years arid above (17.5%),10 to 19 years (10.9%), 1 to 4 years (8.7%), 5 to 9 years (8.4%), and less than 1 year stand only 1.1 percent respectively.
Rural-Urban Status: A person is known as migrant when she/he is enumerated other than her/his place of birth or place of usual residence. In Manipur; as ‘per place of last residence, 73.7 percent of the total migrants are enumerated in rural areas and 26.3 percent in urban areas (Table IV). It is further stated that out of the total 377,059 migrants; 191,240 are migrated from rural areas and enumerated them as 84.5 percent from rural to rural and 15.5 percent from rural to urban. Again, out of 46,915 (12.5%) immigrants from urban areas, 76.1% in urban and 23.9 percent in rural. It is observed that in-migrants from rural areas are more enumerated to rural areas and from urban to urban. A sizable number of in-migrants (36.8%) are enumerated as unclassified in which 75.7 percent enumerated in rural and 24.3%in urban areas.
Conclusion: Migration is a human movement from one place to other. Why and how the man has to cross a jurisdictional boundary should be checked by the State Govt for proper checking the unwanted population growth.
[TSE]
In Manipur, 3.6 per cent of the total in-migrants of last residence is counted for work and employment in 2001 Census. Out of the total 13,716 in-migrants for work and employment, 48 per cent is enumerated as highest in intra-district migration while migrants from abroad (foreigners) is the least one (1.2.%). In-migrants from other districts and other states however recorded as 37.1 per cent and 13.8 per cent respectively. The age group 40-59 years occupied the largest in-migrants with 42.6 per cent of the total migrants of work and employment and followed by 35-39 years (15.3%).
Business: In general, Manipuris are not well-verse in business. A person can be said to have moved for business if she/he has moved to the place of enumeration from her/his place of last residence for joining a business or setting up/running a business. The word “business” refers to an economic activity involving some risk-taking either an own account or in partnership with others.
Only 1.1 per cent of total in-migrants of the last residence belonged to business in which intra-district migrants occupied 40.4 per cent as highest. The business communities migrated from other states is recorded as the next with 31.8 per cent while foreigners involved only 3.1 per cent. The inter-district businessmen share is 24.7 per cent of the total business communities. It is also stated that age group 40-59 years also marked the highest migrants with 39.4 per cent while age group 0-14 years the least one (0.5%).
Education: Education is one of the smallest sections of in-migrants with only 1 per cent of the total migrants of the last residence. A person can be said to have moved for educational purposes if she/he has moved to the place of enumeration from her/his place of last residence for joining a school/college or any other type of educational institution either for the first time or for continuously. It is recorded that among the migrants, intra-district migration is occupied as the highest with 54.7 per cent in education and followed by inter-district (40.2%), from other states (4.6%) and from abroad (0.5%) respectively. In education the age group 15-19 years recorded as highest with 28.1 per cent followed by age group 0-14 (22.2%) and 20-24 (21.3%).
Marriage: Marriage is the common nature of migration among the females. In Manipur, 25.3 per cent is considered to be reason for marriage in 2001. It is stated that intra-district migration is occupied as the largest with 81.1 per cent and followed by inter-district migration (16.3%).
The proportion of migrants from other states and abroad are recorded as 2.4 per cent and 0.2 per cent respectively. It may be recalled that in Manipur late marriage is solemnized nowadays as a common phenomenon and it is supported that the age group 40-59 years migrated as highest with 36.0 per cent in which females are 98.2 per cent and males are only 1.8 per cent. It is also observed that more females (98.5%) have migrated than males (1.5%)
Moved After Birth: When a woman temporarily moves into a hospital or to her parents or other relatives’ house for delivery and if the hospital or parents/relatives house is in a place different from her usual place of residence, the place where the hospital or parents/relatives’ house is will be the place of last residence of the child but not the mother. So, such group of children is counted for migration of moved after birth.
Only 0.4 per cent recorded as moved after birth in 2001 in which intra-district migration occupied as the highest with 82.7 per cent and it may be observed that childbirth facilities have availed within the district itself. The other figures are followed by inter-district migration (13.0%), inter-state migration (3.9%) and from abroad (0.4%) respectively. Further, it is stated that the age group 0-14 years migrated as highest with 46.2 per cent.
Moved with Household: The reason moved with household will refer mainly to cases where the entire household moves. If a person is migrated for transfer and posting, she/he will be treated as work/employment but her/his other family members are counted for moved with household. This migration type occupied 11.1 per cent of the total migrants of last residence. .
The intra-district migration in respect of moved with household marked the highest as 60.5 per cent followed by inter-district (29.5%), from other States (8.7%), and from abroad (1.3%). In another comparison, the age group 40-59 years recorded the highest proportion with 23.3 per cent followed by 0-14 years (22.9%). .
Others: Any other reason will include all other reasons for migration not covered under work/employment, business, education, marriage, moved after birth and moved with household. Similarly as stated at place of birth, the communal clash arises among the hilly peoples in 1992-93 and ethnic violence between the Meiteis and Meitei Pangals in 1993 have affected the migration pattern in Manipur after the 1991 Census. Of the total in-migrants of last residence, 57.5 per cent as the highest belonged to any other reason.
Large-scale intra-district migration happened throughout the state with 86.2 per cent in this regard. It is informed that the inter-district migration occupied 11.1 per cent as the next and followed by from other states (2.5%) and from abroad (0.2%) respectively.
Age and Literacy: In Manipur as per place of last residence, there are 377,059 migrants in which 58.7 per cent are females and 41.3 per cent are males. The Census of India 2001 has divided into 9 different age groups among the total migrants as highlighted at Table No.II. The age group 40-59 shows with 24.6 per cent of the total in-migrants as highest while age not stated is the least one (0.3 %). The proportion of other age groups are recorded as - 0-14 years (18.8 %), 15-19 years (7.7 %), 20-24 years (9.2 %), 25-29 years (10.2 %), 30-34 years (9.5 %), 35-39 years (9.7 %) and 60+ years (10.0 %) respectively.
The percentage of literacy rate including 0-6 age group to total immigrants is 59.1 per cent and the age group 15-19 years occupied the highest literacy rate with 82.1 per cent of the total migrants while age group 0-14 stands the least one (43.3%).
Age and Workers: Among the in-migrants, 55.2 per cent is calculated as workers in 2001. The term workers in census means person involving in economically productive works during the reference period of one year, i.e. from 9th February 2000 to 8th February 2001 for the Census of India 2001. Those persons who engaged in any economically productive works as 6 months and above are treated as ‘Main Workers’ and this workers group occupied 37.8 per cent of the total in-migrants while involving less then 6 months are called ‘Marginal Workers’ (17.4%).
Further, it is noted that those peoples who are seeking/available for work among the marginal and non-workers are also calculated as 26.7 percent and 15.8 percent of the total marginal and non-workers respectively. It is also recorded that among the main workers, the age group 40-59 calculated 39.4 percent as highest and followed by 35-39 (14.5%), 30-34 (12.8%), 25-79 (11.1%), 60+ (10.1%), 20-24 (7.3%), 15-19 (2.9%) and age not stated (0.3%). One of the interesting analyses is that even having the restriction of child labourer in the Country and state as well, the proportion of main workers in age, 0-14, to total main workers is found to be 1.6 ‘percent. Similarly in marginal and non-workers, the age group 40-59 stands the largest workers with 29.2 percent and 10.2 percent respectively while age not stated found the least one (0.2% &0.4%).
Age and Marital Status: Each and every person of the every household should be canvassed information of marital status irrespective of their ages. The Census of India, 2001 has divided into 5 different categories of marital status. Out of the total migrants as per last residence, 18.2 percent is reported as duration of residence 0-9 years which was stayed at the enumeration area after migration from her/his usual residence, among them currently married constituted as highest with 66.0 percent and followed by never married (31.0%), widowed (2.3%), divorced and separated (0.7%) and there -is no record on unspecified. Further in currently married group, the age group 20-29 years recorded as highest with 44.4 percent in which females contributed 92.2 percent and males (7.8%). It is very interested that there is 148 couples recorded as currently married means not yet divorced and separated and living together since marriage in age above 80 years in the state. There is no any marriage couples in age group 0-9 years and it is indicated that no child marriage is practiced in the state. It is also reported that number of females widow (86.1%) is more than males (13.9%) in the state. Divorced and separated females (76.3%) are also recorded more than males (23.7%). However, in never married category, more males are constituted with 55.6 percent than females (44.4%).
Duration of Residence: How many completed years have stayed continuously in the village/town where the person is being enumerated after migration from her/his usual residence is also collected in migration. This question will apply even to a person born at the place of enumeration who had subsequently shifted to some other place because of the reasons noted above and come back again to reside in this village/town. But, it is not applicable for temporary visit or tour, etc.
For smooth analysis, the Census of India 2001 has divided into 6 different categories of duration of residence (Table-III), viz. 1) Less than 1 year, 2) 1 to 4 years, 3) 5 to 9 years, 4) 10 to 19 years, 5) 20 years and above and 6) duration not stated. Among these groups, the last category, i.e. duration not stated occupied the largest in-migrants with 53.4 percent and followed by 20 years arid above (17.5%),10 to 19 years (10.9%), 1 to 4 years (8.7%), 5 to 9 years (8.4%), and less than 1 year stand only 1.1 percent respectively.
Rural-Urban Status: A person is known as migrant when she/he is enumerated other than her/his place of birth or place of usual residence. In Manipur; as ‘per place of last residence, 73.7 percent of the total migrants are enumerated in rural areas and 26.3 percent in urban areas (Table IV). It is further stated that out of the total 377,059 migrants; 191,240 are migrated from rural areas and enumerated them as 84.5 percent from rural to rural and 15.5 percent from rural to urban. Again, out of 46,915 (12.5%) immigrants from urban areas, 76.1% in urban and 23.9 percent in rural. It is observed that in-migrants from rural areas are more enumerated to rural areas and from urban to urban. A sizable number of in-migrants (36.8%) are enumerated as unclassified in which 75.7 percent enumerated in rural and 24.3%in urban areas.
Conclusion: Migration is a human movement from one place to other. Why and how the man has to cross a jurisdictional boundary should be checked by the State Govt for proper checking the unwanted population growth.
[TSE]
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