Zogam Poimohna

Written by Douzathang Guite

Nitaak khat ann ne khin, khua mui sim jip-jiapta, hih ding poimoh lua om khollou chi’n ka hulliap uah mei leng vak se lou in kei vuak ka tu mial khiip khiap a; dohkan sik a kingai hial mah in ZOGAM POIMOHNA TUAM TUAM THEIHKHIAK PHAMOH SA in kong ki ngaihtuah ek tazen hi. Ki ngaihtuah fuh sim ka hia, a fuhlou lam, JAPAN GAALPI peuh ka ngaihtuah khe thep-thup hi.

Chihbel Japan gaal toh kisai ahih nak leh i sorkar lamte’n Phaipi (Imphal) leh Moirang kia pibawl in, war cemetry/war memorial khong huai ah bawl uhi. Pibawl uh ahihman, tourist hiam, sorkar toh kisai mi poimoh hong pai, hongveh om chia’n tua munte kawkmuh in, amau zong tuamun a phak khit chiang un hun sa gawp in a nna uh zou bang in ki ngai uhi. Moirang khua a Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose saipi tung-tuang a kilang zual chihman lela tuamun thupi bawl luat tuam ding a diam?

Ei Zogam a CHIKHA JAANG, PALDAI LUIKUAM leh MISSION COMPOUND (Tuitha phai) gaalphual masa zawte bang dia poimoh ngaih jaw lou mawk ding! Huai munte lah a ki nak beihna uh gaalphual masa zawte ahi ngal a. Ngaih neep theih vual hi lou hi. Gaalpi in Manipur janggam hon phakma tham in ei Zolei ah nasa tak in na ki nuai khin dim-dem ua, a tawpkuan in Manipur phaijaang hon pha lel hi zaw. A chil lam in Japante hatlaw petmah in Singapore khawng ah British (Allied Forces) te’n theihtawp suah mah le uh nangzou vuallou ua; nan zong nangman lou uh chih theih khop in maban hon suan zung zung ua 1942 in Pegu leh Rangoon la uhi. Huai apan ei Zogam honglut in 1944 in Zogam tua Manipur nuai a om khakna hong lutpan uhi. CHIKHA JANG leh PALDAI LUI KUAM galphualte a theihtawp suah in tunglam leh nuailam ah na ki bei uhi. Allied Forces te’n nang zou lou ahih man un Japan te’n ma hon sawn zel ua.

Chikha jaang tun Myanmar gam sung ah omkha a India gamgi juul Zomi vi-ve mah tenna ahi. Paldai gaalphual pen lah Singngat kho dung hi mai mah!Tuate ahih man Japan gaal ei Zogam in thuak kha hoih ngel chih ding ahi. Tuma kum 30 malam, chizen mah le, ka teirol tung lai khawng in singtang dawn a om, skul kai louh sung peuh mah TUKAWL (Lou khohna tu) tawi a sunni-tang tum a lou khoh nasep ahi mai hi. Loulai a ka pa’n gaalthu hon hilhte bang ka phawk thak thak hial hi. “Japan gaal sukpi lai tak leh na u (kei tung a chiah) pian aki tuah chit chiat ziak in naungek sen neih tawh, sepaihte sukbuai gi ge tawh, buai peetmah in ka buai uh” a chih khawng. Songtal khua a ka inn uh mun ki doh tak ahih man in, tangpanna lem chi in sepaih paisuk-paitou te’n ka in uh enlah ua amau omna dia suk awng gi-ge ngai ahihman khosung a sepaih sukbuai mun pen in na pangkha uhi. Chiangkot leh mankhong bang a na kituak lemchang hi maizen leu na ki “chapa gap” hial kha ding hi. Tulai bang a thaugin jak phet chia lei lak a boh suk pah na chang lah ki thei teuh-teuh lou ahih man. Khawnawl a luiguam leh kawlhawm peuh a ava bukni uh tam hi.

Huchi’n Songtal tang leh Sinjawl taang phei teng sepaihte’n ven chih tak a na veng uhi. A kallak in Japante va paikha tham ua; a ki tuahlem louh ziak uh ahia, eite vang ahia na ki bei kha hial sam lou uhi. Pathianni jing khat Sinjawl khua ah Jet Fighter in khozang a sih gam theih na ding khat va khe ek mawk; kholai tak tu kha zomah! Ahi a, vangphat huai tak in puaklou vanglak. A nung in bel tuivai ngasa tampi in sih lawh aki chi. Puakzak hi maizen le tuh tuni a Sinjawl khua a neilou ding hi kha ding ihi. A khonung a ki gen dan in-huaini pawlte vok gou ding chia singkhuah suang tum toh a vok goh ding uh a delh duam duam uleh tunglam a na lengkha om geih ua, huaite’n pawlte sa neding a lawp ahihlam uh theilou a bomb khiak khum suk ek uh na hi dan ahi.

Chikha jaang leh Paldai lui kuam a aki beihsan lai ua Jet fighter a sun a jan a alen kawm a kap athuah khawng mitkha’n a mang mawh hial achi uhi. Asi, aliam leh damlou a si lah tam..a diak in Japante supply bang a paihoih thei kei a; gamlak a nektheih- nekmawh ne in om ua; gawtuai bang a hah nek luat man un santan a sihloh bang a tam uh aki chi. Huchihlai in i gamsung a pasal ngalhat leh hangsan taphot galdou bel hilou; camp luh chi in kidouna nung camp taihsante a thil nawtsiatte deihna in galphual a alut-apawt ki phamat zen uh hih tuak. A khente ngial in sepaih sisate tuamna, komol bang lemkhia in a la uh a ki chi. Chidaih le, Japante thau bel neu tiuh-teuh a pahtak huai tung tuan a chi uh. Paldai galphual ban a Japante’n ma hon sawn tou zel in Tuitha phai manoh in hong ki niltou zel ua, Imphal, Moirangte bel Hiangkot tang peuh tawn a Tuithaphai pan a alut uh hi zaw. Tuithaphai leh Mission Compound hon naih luat tak un April 5,1944 in Pu Duncan (tulai SDO i chihte ahi di chu) va hoh in mipite kin-le-buang a pot-dok di’n thu vapia hi. In hoih tak tak leh buh-le-bal khempeuh haltum in na om hi. Galziak a inhal chihpen tunai zek a pan hilou a,hun sawtpi apan na kipansa ahi vial ka.. Thukhunlui hunlai pek a na kipan hi zomah hihtuak (A theihak lam houh ihi di e).

Huailai a khalam a hon makaih Pu Rostadte nupa Tuitaw gam juan in potkhe thei ham ham ua, huchilou Mission nasem dangte leh Tuithaphai mipite bel singtanglam ki denna uh hih tuak. Galtaite Hiangkot tang khong a gimtak a apailai un Japan sepaihte toh tuakkha ua,pelh a leng pelh senglouh a pha uh a ki chi. A khente singlem puak bang a kalhsiat sak zomah ua, huchihlai a Mission sumkemtupa Pu H.L.Sela in sumtang a kepRs5000/-a laksak ding uh lau in aman paw ngamlou in a tapa Pu Zalal(naupang lai) posak hial hihtuak. NEIG Missionte vanneih teng Pu Rostadte room sung a kalhkhum zok a taihsante uh ki hal tum dim-dem hi.Pasal khenkhat lah ut leh utlouh thu hita lou in vanpaw ding leh lamhilh ding in alang tuak tauk suk buai in na om uhi.

Japan gal tuh i Zogam in na thuak nasa petmah a; kidouna phual na hi kha hi.Information kim deuh a history lam saikhate sui di’n i koih dia..Eh! Kaihlam jou nawng kawm ah lenna khat bang hong ke kha zo mah hi ei. Hiai bang a i Zogam in ana thuak khak gaalpi; athuak kha hetlou bang a hon bawltheite nuai a i om khak pen a vangtah huai lua nasa kei maw? Ki ngaihtuah thak zel in Singngat khaw taw a Tedim Road leh Guite Road kituahna thuampi bang ah mualsuang thupi deuh mai phut khe ngek ngawk in huai ah (etsakna lel) hi chi bang pian in gelh le: IN APRIL 1944,THE MIGHTY JAPANESE AND INA FORCES LED BY NETAJI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE PASSED THROUGH THIS ROUTE AFTER A FIERCE BATTLE AT CHIKHA JAANG WHICH IS HARDLY____KMS FROM THIS PLACE AND THEY FOUGHT ANOTHER FIERCE BATTLE AT PALDAI RIVER BANK,A LITTLE DISTANCE AWAY FROM HERE..

Hichibang deuh khong a clue omthei khat bek na bawlkhe phawt in; history hoihtak a gelh thoh bang omlai leh, gaalpi ziak in tourist mun poimoh bang i neihloh ding, i climate, sing-le-lou hinga i gam lah nuam ngal. Tourist Lodge hoihtak bang hong ki lamkhe pah khamoh lou ding hi. I makaite bang in pan hon la ngial le uh. Ei leh ei iki suk poimoh kei leh kuan hon su poimoh leh hon domkang ut lah hilou ahih chia’n..pan na la in i theih kham kham na hih le ni khat ni chiang in a tak hong suak ding hi.
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Hiai thu hi Pu Douzathang, D.Guite chi a theih lar, Manipur apan khualzin lam bansamte’n a theih vek uh, Zogam vei, akhanna ding geel leh ngaihtuah tuah in talsawn zen a ki ngaihtuah a agelh ahi . A laigelh in Zomite’n maban i khual leh sorkal a kingak a mau ngak mai lou a i hih theih theih lam chiteng a i na hih a i pat ding ahi’h hon phawk sak.

Source: ZogamOnline.com/blog

Manipur’s Nit at Tamenglong! Or Do we Manipuris have it in us?

By : T. Vunglallian/IFP

It was heartening to read an important body like AMUCO suggesting, among others, that the proposed National Institute of Technology should come up in the hills ‘to promote egalitarian development and weed out sense of deprivation of the hill people’ (TSE 27th April, 2007) and ‘the government rather than concentrating on the valley areas, should take up development activities on a large scale in the neglected hill areas of the state to make balanced development a reality’ (IFP, 27th April, 2007). Equally encouraging was the following day’s report that a JAC, comprising of AMUCO, UCM, MALAWPO, AMSU, TIPS, COHR, NIUCAMO, MAFYF, CCDD, NRC, MAMM, AMOWAVA, UPAA, JAC NIT, RAYS (and other non-abbreviated organizations, all adding up to about 20 of Manipur’s renown social organizations) said a big no to Kyamgei. They asked the government to look elsewhere beyond Imphal, including the hills. The 28th’s news also indicated the government was listening and looking elsewhere. In all this, what stands out besides efforts to save agricultural lands in an agrarian society is that the civil organizations are directing the government’s attention to the neglected hill areas. Actually, they are only reminding the government about its oft-professed attention to the hills. From IFP’s 4th May’s report UCM’s H.Kula rightly and forthrightly asked, “If our students can go to Delhi and Mumbai to study, why can’t they go to Churachandpur or Ukhrul to study at the NIT?”All said and done they are good thoughts, and says well of Manipur.Accordingly, I would like to propose that Manipur’s NIT be located at Tamenglong District HQ. Why Tamenglong? Well, most Manipuris would quite concede that Tamenglong is the most neglected of the ‘hill areas’ of the state. (Though, this writer would like to remark that, yes, Tamenglong would take this title, but it would do so only by just the proverbial cat’s whiskers!)

Still, why Tamenglong? Well, let’s list just a few reasons:

Technology sans surface connectivity can thrive: If it were a question of a National Sports Academy or some medical institute that needed a huge population base, this writer would not be suggesting Tamenglong at all. He, however, is suggesting the NIT for Tamenglong because it is to do with technology. He thinks that the greatest beauty of a technology institute is that - given un-interrupted power and a large well-planned, well-constructed campus in an-away-from-it-all natural landscape - it can fully function and still be fully connected to the world it mainly deals with. Today’s internet, nicnet, tele-conferencing and countless mind-boggling innovations and uses that have made the world flat, courtesy Friedman, are at an NIT’s command and is very much its domain. And so the NIT at Tamenglong ought to have no problem thriving, in spite of the lack of an all-weather, all-season, black-topped road. Incidentally, the placing of the NIT there would, as good as, guarantee the construction of an all-weather, all-season black-topped road! (We are talking of a road that ought to have been made at least 25 years ago).

First 24x365 NIT: The greatest blessing in disguise of a long considered god-forsaken, punishment-posting, and oft-cut-off Tamenglong is that an NIT there would enable it to carry out its work un-interrupted, literally, for 365 days of the year, hence 24x365 … sans bandhs, sans JACs, sans everyone’s and anyone’s disruption. Wouldn’t such an ideal learning and working atmosphere be the pre-requisite and USP for a technology institute of national stature? Wherein, the professors, technicians and staff, as well as the highly talented and serious students would be stuck together and have all the time and opportunity to work together, except during vacations. They would, thus, have all the where-with-alls to create, in their campus, a world of their own … a truly envious togetherness – perhaps forced - that, mind you, could never be replicated at or near Imphal. Nor in any other part of the state, for obvious reasons. Further, there’d be every chance that the Institute’s work culture could filter down to the whole of Tamenglong. Whereby, lowly Tamenglong could become the model of a new work culture for Manipur. Just imagine that! This role model of a work-culture is what the whole state has been searching for in vain. Because those that could have set the example, like RIMS or CAU or MU as a Central University or SAI have fallen too far short … though they are bang in and around Imphal and are so-called secure and well connected.

The one NIT fillip that could forever change Manipur’s Tamenglong: It would be an understatement to say that this most neglected of Manipur’s Districts would tremendously benefit directly and indirectly from the NIT being set up there. Numerous public-oriented projects, adoption and local twinning arrangements, a great number of research works etc. are sure to start. Such benefits have always been the unstated reason to keep everything (like attempts for the NIT now) within the valley. But Manipur must be fair to its far- flung and too-long neglected districts. So it would be a good start by heeding the less-than-a-week-old words of Manipur’s top social organisations. If heeded, then for once, Manipur could truly glow with genuine pleasure … seeing and visualizing how the NIT there would not only help solve many of the district’s age old problems but could, actually, trigger off new research, new thinking, new inventions and discoveries … just because it is in Tamenglong, “Manipur’s dark continent!” As for immediate benefits, for starters, just imagine the shot in the arm to local special class contractors, builders, suppliers and labour. Just estimate what the staff salaries and students’ stipends alone would do to the local economy. Just imagine what different things could be done with Tamenglong’s famed oranges! The sky would be the limit.

So, come on, lets’ let Tamenglong shine!

The Security bogey: The District HQ of Tamenglong, comparatively speaking, is free of bandhs, agitations, disruptions and disturbances of all kinds that Imphal and its environs are faced with almost on a daily, if not hourly basis. Even the presence of non-state forces is drastically limited in remote Tamenglong. Therefore, any fears expressed on that account may, more or less, be dismissed as a convenient bogey by those who still see Imphal as Manipur. Still, to dispel all doubts, let us ask ourselves frankly: how many other district towns of Manipur in hill or valley, can match Tamenglong town’s low crime rate and negligible agitation and bandh record?

Through the above, it is not being ever suggested that there are no problems, and that every thing is hunky-dory at Tamenglong. What is being suggested is that if it were a fair fight between the NIT at Tamenglong and Heibokching or Langol Hills … or anywhere else in Manipur, especially at or near Imphal … distant Tamenglong would beat all others hands down! The question is, will Tamenglong be given a fair chance?The Spanner in the Works: The same 28th April’s news also informs us that the CM is certainly looking at hills. The spanner in the works is the myopic vision (not un-expected). He seems to see the Langol Hills, Heibokching, Nongmaiching (Baruni) and Chingarel … as the neglected hills of Manipur. While even Amar Yumnam, from across the seven seas, tellingly hints of Waithou Chinggoi that could be sweet music to some ears. It is hoped that his sarcasm is not mistaken for recommendation.So there are hills and there are hills. But some hills are not the hills that need attention. The JAC and Amar, from the new world, seem to know the difference. In truth, so do the powers that be who, while acknowledging the interest of Churachandpur and Chandel have, as is wont, once again taken refuge in shallow and selfish reasoning, viz. that the NIT needs to be near MU, RIMS, CAU; that 50-50 seat sharing with other states needs easy accessibility! And so on and so forth. What one can see is that … today it is NIT, tomorrow the National Sports Academy, day after Manipur’s IIT, Manipur’s IIM, and some more years later Manipur’s National Law College, Manipur’s National School of Nursing, Manipur’s National Tourism Institute, even Manipur’s National Mountaineering Institute may well be brought down to a more connected Bishnupur. Likewise, a Manipur’s National Shirui Lily Exotica Research Centre could be hidden in some extremely well-connected leirak. Jokes apart, there’ll be a re-phrasing of the same excuses to ensure we’ll continue seeing all institutes dotting the Imphal-accessible and Imphal-visible hillocks or hill-slopes, all as symbolic development of our hills! All because of 50-50 things and other trivialities.Here a repeat of the words at the middle of the first page are called for: “Good thoughts and says well of Manipur.” This writer repeats it because, now, a thousand words later his writer’s eyes are being opened wider than before, and so cannot help asking: Do Manipuris have it in them to reach out to god-forsaken Tamenglong?This writer for one, a Manipuri from Churachandpur, while desperately wanting the NIT in his own district, for all the un-stated reasons of earlier regimes, coupled with valid reasons like: Second Town of Manipur, easy accessibility, real hills, real tribals and all that … has it in him to say: Let Tamenglong be the place for the National Institute of Technology. (Do care to note, he does not say site. For him, at or near Imphal it’d be just a site, but up there in the hills it’d become a place under the sun, blessed with limitless potential).Lastly, lest we forget … the NIT there would not make it Tamenglong’s NIT, it would still be Manipur’s NIT! A wonderful opportunity, only if we have it in us! Postscript: No.1: How to provide power? The need for un-interrupted power supply to NIT Tamenglong, Manipur State, is vital. This vital necessity should not need to depend on the unreliable Yurembam or national grid etc. This writer passionately requests the Centre, to include in the NIT project a separate and special Rs. 30 crore package for installation of a combination of wind and solar energy systems that should complement each other for maximum modern efficiency, much like the amazing hybrid cars, Toyota’s Prius and Honda’s Insight. One idea springing from the use of a combination of these two sources of power is that this NIT shall pave the way for a paradigm shift to alternative and non-conventional sources of energy. This shift should free a bungling power department of promises they cannot keep. With its own energy source, the NIT should become free of the electricity department’s prohibitively expensive to erect-and-maintain high tension lines with their massive but highly vulnerable pylons (through which power cannot be supplied) ... as things stand. This paradigm shift – with a little bit of fine-tuning from the NIT may usher in an era of real light, real development and real prosperity to Tamenglong. No.2: This writer would like our CM, to be the first Manipuri CM to tell a visiting central VVIP (who asks or has to be shown some thing impressive enough to justify the hundreds of crores being pumped into the state). Mr. Ibobi: “Let me take you to our most neglected district where my government has put up the National Institute of Technology.” And after hours of a bumping, twisting and winding ride the mere sight of the NIT perched on several hillocks in so remote an area - and even if the flooring of the institute’s buildings were only of polished cement - the VVIP would be so moved and impressed that he’d bring Soniaji to see for herself what her party is doing in a far corner of India. Besides that the beaming VVIP would be ready to recommend anything for Ibobi’s Manipur.If, on the other hand, our beaming CM shows the NIT at Langol Hills – and even if all the floors of the institute are of Rajasthan’s finest marble – the VVIP would nod politely. He would not have anything to write home about … simply because he’d automatically compare Langol’s NIT to the truly impressive NITs in other states. In such a comparison ours would look like a poor country cousin’s posturing. The VVIP would be dripping politeness and ask our CM to drop in for a cup of tea the next time he goes to Delhi. Who loses? Both Manipur and Tamenglong.But the NIT at Tamenglong would mean … both win!So, it has always been just a question of: Do we have it in us?

KNO REBUKES UNLF’S DUPLICITOUS STATEMENT

KUKI NATIONAL ORGANISATION
GOVERNMENT OF ZALE’N-GAM
MANMASI

ZG/PR 04-06/07
Dated Manmasi, 11 June 2007

KNO REBUKES UNLF’S DUPLICITOUS STATEMENT

Apropos to ‘Teach KNA a lesson: UNLF to Kukis’ (Imphal, The Sangai Express, 10 June 2007), KNO would like to set the record straight for all concerned men and women with any degree of integrity, self-introspection and self-respect irrespective of caste, creed and ethnicity. The unfortunate events of 9 June at Moreh in which 11 people died is a direct consequence of UNLF’s intrusive presence in Kuki territory and their indiscriminate activities.

The landmines planted by UNLF have so far killed 33 Kuki village folks in Chandel District and 25 in Churachandpur District. Besides, in January 2006, they indulged in mass-rape of Hmar women in Tipaimukh, prompting 1000-odd village people in the area to flee to Mizoram.

On March 23, 2007, a peaceful rally by students from Manipur hills at Parliament Street in New Delhi. The rally was organized to demand action from the central and Manipur government on the ‘forcible abduction’ of over 400 Kuki villagers in Chandel district to Burma on March 13. Till date 600 displaced Kuki village folks remain stranded at Moreh because their lands infested with the UNLF laid landmines have not been sanitised.

In order to save face and prevent further damming publicity regarding the landmines issue, the UNLF tried to persuade the displaced people stranded at Moreh to return to their villages. Understandably, the vulnerable village people failed to be convinced and so preferred to remain at Moreh. The next step taken by UNLF was to send their armed cadres on 2 June, intending to coerce the people. The UNLF cadres were confronted by KNA cadres, and following an encounter, the UNLF cadres, as usual, retreated to Burma, where they are provided safe haven by the Burmese military. On 3 June KNA cadres at Variety Market spotted Yumnam Roshan Meitei, of the rank of 2nd Lt of UNLF, who was involved in the previous day’s encounter with KNA. The following day, in order to make clear that KNO is not communal and do not harbour any ill-will towards the Meitei public, a clarification was issued by T Stephen Kuki, Inf & Publicity, KNO, that due action against Yumnam Roshan Meitei was taken not because he was a Meitei, but for his activities that incited communal tension (‘KNO claims Moreh killing’, Lamka, 4 June, The Sangai Express)

The ensuing step adopted by UNLF was to deploy five of their armed cadre to deal with the displaced people. On 9 June around 9: 45 AM, the five UNLF cadres entered Moreh town through the porous border between Gate No 3 and Gate No 4. They were escorted to the respective gates by the Burmese Army and received by the Indian Reserved Battalion patrolling in the locality of Ward No 5. Within minutes of their entry, they randomly fired upon innocent Kuki labourers. The three dead persons at the spot were identified as Lunkholal (21), Lunkhomang (22) both from Chavangphai village, including a Pastor Hemkhojang (40) of S. Moljol village. At the same time, auto-driver Tongkholun (20) of Canan Veng was shot dead by the UNLF at Ward No 7, while Doukhomang (30) who went to the forest to make charcoal for a living was shot dead at Twidap Pang, about 2 km south of Moreh town.

Soon after the killing spree, the IRB personnel guarded Ward No 7 to prevent attack on the Meitei locality by the Kukis. The attackers who freely escaped after the serial killings to Burma in the presence of the IRB were received by the Burmese army at Namphalong, in Burma. The 24 Assam Rifles posted at Moreh were called up for help. However, they could not come out of their outpost to nab the culprits as they were compelled to be confined to their camps for the day by the concerned authorities.

The preceding sequential facts lays bare the proceedings and developments of the unfortunate events that unfolded at Moreh. If UNLF has the audacity to suggest that they are not communal after, for example, the landmine deaths of the Kuki public they have caused, then they must be either completely deluded or lack the gumption to realise that they cannot succeed in pulling the wool over people’s eyes, whether Kuki or Meitei. There are still honest and fair citizens at large free of prejudices and who possess a keen sense of truth and reality.

For the record, KNA has not engaged in attacking camps of UNLF cadres, while the latter have repeatedly attacked our camps at Molvailup, Molcham, Samtal (to name a few) and even snatched weapons at Molvailup. For information sake, the Kuki people do not subscribe to the ideology of what the UNLF call a ‘revolutionary movement’. Presumably, the stated movement refers to ‘Kangleipak’. Kukis have their own movement called Zale’n-gam, which refers to protecting the integrity of their ancestral lands for which their forebears fought the British colonialists.

To avoid further misunderstanding, between the Kukis and Meiteis, it would be prudent for UNLF to confine their revolutionary activities, ideologically and physically to the valley called Manipur, which has been their abode from time immemorial. The Kuki Hills is Zale’n-gam.

Lastly, let there be peaceful co-existence between the Kukis and Meiteis by promoting mutual respect for each others territory and human rights of the two peoples.

Sd/-

T Stephen Kuki
Under Secretary, KNO Inf & Publicity
Zale’n-gam
MANMASI

Mual Saang Tung Chin a Kal Saang Suanna

A short Love Story

June 1997 vangta zou, gambup seminar masa pen singtang hattuam piching Khodai kichi khat in a zintun hi. Khodai pen Tuivai gal Khosah toh kinai ahi. Nidang lai Chin Hills a i pi-le-pu te teenna kho lui mama te kitap a Khodai leh Khosah min kiphuah ahi uhi. Ze-etna meikuang a chep khah zou nua un, nidang sang in mi a navah zoh a bang hi. Tua mun kitawi tah a kilam biahbu khuh taahsing leh paahhuan te’n a kimkot hi. Tua pa huan pen Khanglai lam a nungah fel khat nemngaina ga dan ahi tuah hi. Biahinn sah a singgam behkhat om ahimanin, Zou vakhu kop mauthawm zong khat veivei zah phah ahia, nitah lam chiang in tua mualboh ah huikhi siang a kikho hieuhiau hi. A mualboh zung te luita neu khat in a sawpsiang a, Tuivai lui ah a luang pe suh hi. Kho tuamtuam apat hing peikhawm palaite’n, “I biahinn mun nop me i zaw!” a chi chiat uhi.

Singpi hotel vel a tou in, dah gin ma dong mi lawikhat in houlim taangpi a bawl uhi. Khotate ah zong – Kumzabi 18 lai England a ‘Coffee House’ houlim bang deu in – nupi-papi hunk hop niangtui dawn in a khawl khawm gige uhi. I pi-pute’n vaang ‘Hotel’ chi kammal ngel zong a khiatna a thei sih ding uhi. Khantouna khat vang ahi himhim hi. Hinanleh, Upa Khen pen a nasa diah khol sese hi. Tami ‘Singpi Club’ a min kilam lap lo ding bang in, zingkal teng in hotel lam a del zinzen hi. A zi leh tate geendan ngel in hou, a ha zong nawt man lou leh zingkal thumna zong nei man lo a hi a chi uhi. Hotel pen thu hoi pipi zong kigeen a, thusie teng zong kigeenna ahi zel hi. Tulai khang ah zu tang in singpi kidawn ta a, ‘zu-um tung’ chi pen singpi-bel khai, china dan ahi moh hi.

Zinglam dah 10 vel in, mualboh kidaw a biahinn lam ahing nai pan ta uhi. Bial chin apat palai ni leh thum melmu thei in a om hi – Zoutang, Leentang, Gun Gal, Tuivai, chite ahi. Lampi a papi ni kihou a ki gal za thei hi. Kum 50 vel mi, talkoh sim, a lu a kelsam pou khat, a ham lawtlawt a, a kisen thaw sim giagua hi. Ama mithahat leh gum, Upa Khup pen, a khanlai in kum 20 val Burma sepaih na pang ngaidan ahi. Crusade khat ah kimuchian vawt tang chi’n a kilaan a, piangtha minkhumna bu sung ah lai-at te’n a min a na khumlut ta uhi. Sawm-a-khat leh silpiah a Vangam lut ding hi in, ‘a kot khu kuun a lut’ hinanleh, ama pen kun ngai sese lou in kiluut sah din lamet ahi. Pawl tuam a anua tai ding zauna in, hattuamte’n tunai in Upa din a teel ching zat mai uhi. Upa Khup in zong sawtpi a pat ana khoi a vohtah toh thupi tah in a Upa kai a lawm hi. “Ka dam pou leh biahinn thul lou ka hi” chi in a nuikhe buahbuah hi.

Upa Khup pen pahtat huai mama nanleh, vaihawmna lam thu ah a ngaidante kum 500 bang in lui ta hi. Hattuam etkolna (Church Administration) lam toh kisai pen, Upa Khup in a Kawl sepia pan lai thu toh a memat paipai hi. Thugenna hun a tan vang deu chiang in a phun man paipai a, hinanleh khanglai lamte koima a thugeen ngai-ut a om sih hi. Aman zong tuami a thei thou a, a thugen teng in khanglaite a kaap deu gige a, adiah in a niteen-puansil dan uleh a samtan dan uh chi ho pou Bible deidan leh Burma sepaidan toh kituah lou ahi, chin hangsan tah in pulpit a tum ngam hi. Aman pawlpi khantouna dia a ngaidan tam vei pi a geen ta a, “sepaih kanun” nuai a kipuah ding poimo dan a tahlang zel a, ahithei liai leh India lam sepaih dan sang in Burma lam a military junta pen mama hoi a sa a, Pasian deidan ahi, achi nuam sim hi. Aman a thugen khuh practical in a zui sah hi. Practical chipen a poimona mun a khut tum zial ding, tu hisam vang in. Tami ziah in, ama leh ama akipahtat mama hi.

Programme dung zui in, Moderator in Seminar honna a nei hi. Tu tung Seminar pe dingte a mihing dan in zong a suanhuai thei mama uhi. Adiah a lungdam huai in, USA pat tunai a Doctorate Degree latha Rev. (Dr.) P.D.Chin zong a tel kha hi. Tutung seminar thupi “Zawnna Gal Douna” chi ahia, hichibang thulu toh seminar a kinei patna ahi. Nidang in Sum kepdan (stewardship) chi vel paper na kinei sam na pi’n i gam din mun in a tasap mama “Zawnna” pen ei lah a a om lam tapidaw-te’n na kithei kha lo a, gen pha zong na hi ngai lo ahi. Paper masa pen Zou ngahnu laisiam mama, Niangno in a pia a, hichin a geen hi:

“Tahsa zawnna pen na kingai sang a, hamphatna dan in na kila hi. Hagau a zawngte a ham pha, chi ahi zoh. Biahinn sung ah zonna a hoi i chia, inn i tun chiang in zawnna pen hamsiatna ahi, i chi zel a, Pharisai-te bang in i thugen ei mama in i gingta sih hi. I gam a Tanchin pha hing lut apat neh-sui tah suina lam ah, khanletna tampi a hing tun zo ta a, hinanleh maban zawnna galdouna ah tapidaw-te’n panla ding tampi i nei hi. Pasian thei namte gual zawl in a om a, a gam suh suhdam ahi ding hi. Tualeh i nasep pichin sua na din, bang chih lai pou in kipumkhat na a poimo hi”.

Tualeh Rev. Chin in thulu tami toh kizoitawn khat a tang a, “Family Planning leh Tulai Kristian Innkuan” chi ahi. Tami thulu pen sil gensiam hamsa leh theikhel bailam tah ahi. Khupdin a thum kawm in, Bible thutah leh Newspaper a i mu tulai khovel pilvang tah a seelbuh tua in, Rev.Chin in a thupi a vel detdet hi. Pasian pawlna hun a zah lai in, hichibang lunggelnate a lungsim ah ahing lang hi:

“Laisiangthou thu hing ahiziah in, khang chin amite a din gennop khat a nei gige hi. Tu hun a na mite dinmun leh tahsap toh kituah, aw-tha hing za sah in, Mangpa. Na deina khat hinanleh, a kilatna chi tampi ahi ngal a … Na deidan kumtawn a kikhel lou hinanleh, tuami suh pichindan a kikhel zing zoh a, hun chin leh min chin ah. Tanglai Israel vontawi-te’n zong tami thu a na theisiam lou ziah in na deina a mu thei sih uhi. Tulai khang a kristian innkuan siam dan ding na deina hing musah in len pilna hing pian …”
Bible limlang bang a zang in tulai khang a i buaina khenkhat, a diah in Family Planning toh kisai a tapidaw ngaidan piching sehkhiat a sawm hi. A tahtah in, Laisiangthousung ah Family Planning tang tah a kigeenna om lo ahia chi a thei a, hinanleh Bible danpite apat puina mu thei tham ahi, chi a gingta hi. Rev. Chin ngaidan in, tulai khang a din Family Planning pen poimo leh kuul in a thei hi.

Hinanleh mi zousia in Rev. Chin ngaidan a pom thei sih a, Pa Kap in dotna khat a hing siam ngal hi.

Pa Kap: Thuhun Lui lam a Sam gelh tu’n “Tate khuh gil a ga goutan ahi” achi a, tualeh Siamchilbu ah “Pung un len, khovel luah dim un” chi ahi zel hi. Tuaziah in Family Planning pen Pasian deidan hi mawngmawng sih. Bible toh kituah sih.

Rev. Chin: Na Bible chang geente ken zong ka thei suah na a, hinanleh Bible mundang toh seelbuh tuah poimo ka sa hi. Pasian hing piah pilna leh thesiamna zat ngai mama hi. Siamchilbu ma in, “Pasian in mihing Eden huan keem bit leh enkol ding in a ngansia hi” achi zel hi. Khovel kisiam chiil lai milip (mising) toh te in tu’n pen khovel mihing te’n luadim peetma ta a, khovel silsiamte leh leitang mama in mihing vah zou lou ahi zo ta moh hi. Tualeh Pslam gelhtu in tate khuh gil a ga gou tan ahi, achi pen a dih hi. Ta tampi nei goutan ahi, chi sese lou ahi. Tuaban ah, Sam-gelhtu in tate man phatdan a gen (Bilbe thutuun) tawngtawn in kikhel ngai lou dig a; hinanleh, tuahun lai kum sang tampi peisa lai a Jew-mite tawndan leh lunggeeldan (cultural/ historical context) a theisiam kisam mama hi. Tami theina poimo ziah a, Laisiangthou saanginn a kisinsahna chite poimo ahi zoh hi. Family Planning pen khovel leitang hiselna khualna leh tate goutan ahithei semsem na dia kalbi khat a ngaisut thei ahi zoh hi.

Niangnou: Rev. Chin genban tam lo ka belap nuam zual a om hi. India Solkal in Indira Gandhi hun lai a thagum a Family Planning a bawl sawm pen mimal “right” sukha ahiman in, a chindan a dei huai sih hi. A sil tup a hoi a, hinanleh a lampi zui pen a hoi sih hi. Numawl- pamawlte thei siam sah a, mimal deiteelna toh Family Planning poimodan thei sah ding ahi zo hi.

Pa Kap: Bang ding a khovel thu leh Pasian thu na memat uh ahiai. Khovel mipil te’n a thei ban lou hagau lam thu mimawlte ka hil ding hi, chi’n Laisiangthou in a gen hi. Tahsa lam thu leh hagau lam thu kibang lou ahi.

Rev. Chin: Tuan a thugen pen a dihna chiang om nanleh san kheh zau huai mama ahi. Tulai i gam buaina thu khat zong ahi. Ei India Mal-Suah lam gam a missionary-te ahing lut lai in, British solkalte’n sahkhona thu lou bang ma gen lou din a dei uhi. Hinanleh, a lou thei lou in hagau lam thu ban ah tahsa dam theina lam toh kisai hospital leh lailam toh kisai saanginnte a na pan uhi. I khotang hinkhua uh zong a vei mama ua, hinanleh Solkalte’n a khut uh a kan sah ua bawl thei a hau sih uhi. Ahivang in missionary hangsan mama Dr. Fraser kichi pa bang in Mizogam a Bawi (Sila khoi) a na doudal a, lungsim leh tha-le-zung tampi a na seng hi. Ama dia Pasian hatta thupi tah ahi. Tam bang Tanchinpha gen masate’n Bible a Jesu sinsahna na vom siam mama uhi. Jusu’n zong Pasian thu a gen ban ah, damlou te a sudam a, mipi gilkialte anpheng leh nga in a vah a, gamsung thunei siampu liante zong a dawm tuan sih hi.

Jesu’n tulai Hagaumi kichite bang in tahsa leh hagau chi’n a khen gige vateh sih hi. Bible in an pheng achi leh, an pheng ahi mai a, hinanleh ei lawi in hagau-anpheng dan in i hisap nuam teitei hi. Jesu etdan in mihing pen hagau nei, tahsa poimona toh hing, khotang hinkhua nei ahi. Hagaunei-Tahsah-Khotang a om (Soul-Body-Community). Tami teng tel kim lou a mihing i etet lai sia, i khomuna bukim lou china ahi. Jesu’n mittaw a suhdam , mihingte singkung bang a mu pa toh kibang ding ahi. Tualeh Bible in Pasian ahing hildan pen zau a, lian mama hi. Khovel leh a sung a hagau leh tahsa tengteng Siampa ahi zoh hi. A deilam van a kibawl ding a dei chau hilou in, lei a akibawl ding zong a dei hi. Eite’n pen Pasian tami Khodai biahinn mual boh tung maimai a om ut, biahinn pulam a lunghimohna nei loud an in i ngaisun ut hi. I nehsui-tahsui, laizilna, election, leh a dang te pen Pasian sai phah lou din i dei uhi. Tami ziah a i gam uh buaibuai ahi zoh hi. I Pasian koi dan uh neu mama a, building project, crusade, lim-le-lam ban a sawm-a-khat maimai a Pasian lunglut dan in i koi kha uhi. Pasian na hagau a a lungluut bang in, na tahsa ngaisah a, na khotang leh na minam zong a khual thamtham hi.

Nitah lem in seminar khah a hun ahita a, thu leh la tampi kikupna a om hi. Rev. Chin houlimna mi tuamtuam in khiatdan kibang lou in a khia uhi. Nitah biahinn pelh in mi ni in sunlai a seminar thupi a kisel buai lo hial uhi, chi Nu Kim apat thu a kiza hi. Ama pen nupi fel tah ahia, khosung thuthang puangtu in a pang hi. Goldung zousia leh hotel chin a thusia-thupha kigen teng a kan koi lele a, a chinpha suah kei hi.

Tualeh mi bawlthei tah leh hamthei, Pa Thang in nisa nuai a sil um zousia thei suah dan in a kigen hi.Solomon mipil chia a gengen pa u zong thuhilna pethei ding khop in a kigen hial hi. Aman Dr.P.D.Chin thugente “recommend” a bawl a, “Family Planning pi Bible mun khat ah zong sim kha ing, sil hoi ahi” chin Pastor-pa thugente a belap sawm hi. Tualeh Pa Thang in America thu chi vel mi geenna a zah sawnte ngai nop a huai mama hi. Khat veivei ama tahsa a hoh dan in ahing kigenluut dehddeh hi.

Hinanleh, Pa Kap in Pa Thang a mu nuam beh sih a, hotel ah sithunam zen in a kiselpi hi. Pa Kap pen milim leh khut beng a laamthei khat ahi. Tuaziah in, a kihagaumi sah sim ten a, hagau lam a a dinmun sang tah a kikoina pat mi nuai-et leh simmaw a thua hi. Kalvary BD ka hi, chi’n ama leh ama certificate a kipia hi. Aman BD te a simmo mama a, BD pen Bei Dong, china ahi chi’n a gen thanuam mama hi. Hinanleh, ama lah Kalvary BD, a kichi ut zel hi. Rev. Chin paper pen ama kapna dan in a la a, “Tate khu gil a ga gou tan ahi” chi’n a maimuat kei hi. A Kalvary Theology dan in, mimal chin ta tampi nei kidem hanchiam ding ahi. Tate pen eh sen a sen khat a, amau leh amau ki-enkol dia zun nuasia eh nuasia a nuasia ding bang in a ngaisum lel hi. Aman ta dorzon khat (12) chau a nei a, ahawm tho mama a, hinanleh a tate sikul kai ding gen lou neh-le-tah hoi (balanced diet) zong ne zou lou in, a dam mo thei mama uhi. A sum mu sunsun uh zatui-zaha lei nan a zang uhi. A tate a pichin ma un, gari handiman leh rickshaw tol pou in mun tuamtuam ah a kikhen mang siang ua, inn sung khat a zong a om sih uhi. Piching tah leh Pasian hing piah lungsim chiim tah toh, tulai khang a i buainate tapidaw vai tah suhveng dan ding a kigen chiang in, “Tate khu gil a ga gou tan ahi” chia sumkuang chiang pe in Pa Kap akipan pain gal hi. Seminar tawpni zan thumkhawm hun in zong, aman Pasian kung ah Rev.Chin, Hausa Court mai a ding bang in a hehsia dildel a, a kapi va pom n alai hi. Sil nop lou dinmun tan tung phial hi. Nungah teirol khenkhat in, a ning lam khat a ana nuisat khak uleh, a na za hiau hi. Gennop hun in, khanglai te a phoh a, ui-hou ngeu-hou in a hou suh zel hi. Rev. Chin in i minam dim mun a et chiang in kho asa a, khat veivei hasiat huai asa a, lungnem leh zaidam tah in hichin ka gen hi:

Bang vang in e chi gel mawng ,
Khatvei theisiamna kawlni suah hai bang ngah lang,
Simkhua meii bang zingte samsie zoh lou in,
I meilah them beh vah sah zoh vai.
Phalbi meiipi a khen chiang in
Khat vei Zou laukha pallun ding hi.
Aw! Nou gi bang khen ding sim thu lellel te,
Sian simthu maw, Zinmang vai hawm,
Bang chih chiang in na dai ding uai?
Ka kimvel a aw ging lamdang tuamtuamte a dai chiang in,
Mihing bawl tawm i kaal a laidan te metmai ahi ta ding hi.
I Zougam lei mual saang dum didiai tung chin a
Jesusalem biahbu khat lam khawm dialdial ahi ma in,
Ka ha liangvai sun leh zan in huiva bang mau ding a,
Ka nam temhiam leh ka laikung zong kitawl nga thei non sih va.

Khodai Seminar zou in a teenna Hiangtam Lamka zuan pai lo in, Rev. Chin in a kholui Khosah ah ni thum a tam beh hi. A naupan lai a pat a ngainat leh a sikul kaipi ngai Lawm Thang-te inn zintun-paikhaina in a zang hi. Khosah apat P.D.Chin-te a pem khat uh kum 20 bang ching ta hi. Hinanleh, tuni’n Chin in a kholui ah bang ma kilamdanna ta lua mu ding a nei sih hi. Mi lui tampi a om non sih a, khangtha mel thei non lo tampi a om hi. Inn te, biah inn te leh kho sung a singpi hotel tamzo a ngai ngai ahi nalai uhi. Mihing te kikhel zel hi; a piang ua, tomkhat vaitham in, a mualliam zel uhi. Hinanleh mun leh mualte a ngaingai ahi uh. Chin te inn lui sepai pension khat in a lei sawn pen zong a ngaingai ma a hinalai hi. Kho ning lam a nidang a meilam sing kichi mun ah inn bang zat ama ana kibelap a om sam hi. Khogei a meilam singte mu ding a om non sih a, a kiau siang ta a, amun ah inn hoi khol lo bang zat ama ana kilam hi. A hing pemthate teenna ahi, a om luite’n a chi uhi.

Rev. P.D.Chin a tham lai tah khuh March habul vel ahia, phalbi leh doupi kikal, kum kikhen hun ahi. “Leidi hing khuang” chi laphuahtu’n

“Kum kikhen ding zangva ham toh …”

achi hun vel hi ding ahi. Kumlui leh Kumtha kikhen thu pe’n Tapidaw i suah apat kithei pan ahi zoh a, i pu-pi Zou ngaina dan a hun simdan tuam pi khat na om dan ahi. Singtang lou hal kipat ma deu, pawltah bei kuan in P.D.Chin in a kho lui a va ve ma lam kha hi. Gua masa hing zu nai lo ahia, singtang lam zinna dia gari lampi hoi laitah zong ahi.

Ningani a hia, ching Ziltawpni zan kikhop chiang in P.D.Chin in Khosah biahinn a thu geenna nei dia lemguat ahi. Tuaziah in Bible simna leh thumna hun zang in, melthei lui te in ah a vah lele hi. Pawltah lai ahi chiang in mi tampi inn om a, saanginn zong kikhah hi. Mun tuamtuam ah an ne din chial in a om a, a zintunna ah zong an ne man lo a suah phial hi. Ziltawpni nineen kuan in P.D.Chin leh a lawi lui Lawm Thang toh kholai vah in Khosah a dia hotel lui mama Zogam Hotel ah singpi a va dawn uhi. Tami hotel ah singpi a tui thei mama chi Khosah te’n a genpha mama uhi. Tuazou in khomong a veng tha, nidang a Meilam Singgam omna mun tan a vah lele uhi. Ni gal a mual dawn ah ke ding kisa in a vang tang a san singsong hi. Tami Meilam a naupan lai ua Lawm Thang leh Chin te’n hun tampi a na man na mun uh ahi. A va benna uh, a thang kamna uh leh a thematna uh ahi. Tun pen a liau a, inn mun dan a suah ta hi.

Gal a ni tumna mual mong ten a san ah singkung bang ma mu ding a om seng sih a, simai lutol ma a bang uhi. Gangpi sing kung a te om lo a gawta kivang deu in khat le ni a ding hi. Gelsing zong a kihboh khat leh ni khokim ah a pou na lai hi. Solkal in bang kum ama khat a Vicks kung a suante lah hui in a mut tan siang a, hui mut lo ban teng Electrict Department te’n electrict khuam din a sattan siang ta uhi. Hinanleh ha ni zou apat tuni tan electric tang non lo a, a gui teng zong kiku mang siang ta a, taubel in kisung siang ta hi.

Kholna ding mun singkung nua na san a om non sih a, louhal ha ding ahi toh khua a lum sim hethut ta hi. A kimvel a et leh, P.D.Chin a lungleng a, khat vei teng a thangtawm zel hi. A neulai khankhua a gel chiang in a lungleng a, hun nop leh khovel nop khat a mansua ahi lam phoh tha in a om hi.

Hinkhua bang ahia, lunggeel bang china ahia,
Chi ka thei lo lai, bangkim kipahna dia ka geel lai,
Lian leng lungnop ding ka kisah lai,
Neu lai ka khan khua ka ngai ngei e.

Hinanleh, tu leh tu a Khosah dinmun leh khantouna lam thute a ngaisut chiang in thangtawnna leh lunghimona ngen in a dim zel hi. A ma mimal a lah inn kuan khat leh ni khel zong sum toh panpi zo lo ding ahi chi akithei a, a hiang leh san panpi ngai leh tasam lah a dim set hi. Hichibang lunggeel nate P.D.Chin lungsim a a om lai in , Lawm Thang toh kiton a vah ahilam zong a manhil dehtah phial hi. Zougam hotel apat a dinkhiat uh dahkal lang bang hing himan ta a, a neulai thute uh, hattuam pawl sung thu, Lawm Thang-te innsung thu, leh adiah in a Lawm Thang tapa tah pen Paul Mangpu tanchin vel a kilum uhi. Kikup ut a tam a, houlim sa sang in tui zoh kichi a dih hi. Hun pei lam zong a thei phial sih uhi.

Lawm Thang pen mi kukal tah leh labium mama hinanleh, bangziah ama in PUC – tulai a class XII kichi – a zoh in, zi a nei pai moh a, BA pen a minpu in correspondence Open School ah a zop hi. Laivuanna ding a Open School a fee a khan ziah in, BA kum khatna ban sum hamsat toh a zop non sih hi. Tualai pen saawt pi ahita a, kum 15 vel a pei ta hi. Khosah ma a private oja tuni tan in a seem den a, a zi leh ta te a din a hin a ngai ta hi. A tapa inn ah tuition Lawm Thang mama in a pia a, tuaziah in Paul Mangpu pen a neu apat laisiam thei mama a, ojate pahtat ahi gige hi. Pawl X zong Hiangtam Lamka a High School hoi mama khat ah sangpi in a zou a, tuaziah in apa’n inn-kal tawi liang in a chom toutou hi. Hinanleh Lawm Thang te pen sum hasa mama ua, an leh me tui ngel zong ne zo lo phial ahi uh. A lawi nu’n Huan me leh ankam lei chite bawl in, inn sung sum zatna awng hu in pan thei dandan in a pang hi. Lawm Thang in private oja na ban ah apa’n a na lamsa zang lou neu khat a hou a, tuachin a ha sum zo sia 70% phial a tapa laisim na din a zang uhi. Tapa khat leh tanu neu nalai khat maimai a nei a, a inn sung din mun uh a hamsa mama hi. Rev. P.D. Chin in a lawilui Lawm Thang inn sung hamsatnate leh a tapa tung a a kinepnate lunglut tah in a ngai hi.

Lawm Thang pen Khosah ah kikhual ahi chi a kitheina khat ahileh a huan sung bang i et leh theinou kung tampi, champra, theibufai, zawngta kung, saiseh, kawlsing, natang, leh adangdang singkung tampi om hi. Hausatna tham hisih nanleh, theiga hun chiang in tami thei kungte a pat chihum-mata man ding theiga-te toh kum chin in sum a lam uhi. Tuaban ah, aman gam awng mun beh khat ah tah sing leh dol sing kung 350 a mau tha in a zi toh a suan ua, hinanleh kum khat gammei hing hat in kung 100 phial mama a pichin ma un mei in a haltum kei hi. Sing tuaite khat leh ni na kisat gu thei zel hi. Engsiat ziah a ta dia, khut thah ziah a ta kithei ta lo. Tun singkung 100 detah piching phial ta ua, Lawm Thang in a zawnna ziah a a lungkhiat ni chiang in, a singnoute leh a tapa a ngaisun zel a, koima thei lo a guh in a lungdam mama hi. Hinanleh tukum bul in khosung hausapa’n lungsim khat a hing nei a, a singgam pen hausapa a ahiziah in a singte zong ama a ahi, a chi moh hi. Lawm Thang in ngaiha asa mama, thahawm zong a kisa hi. Hausa te innkuan leh a tanau zousie un Lawm Thangte innkuan mittang-vaidou in a nei ta uhi. Tunai in khatvei hausapa tapa’n Lawm Thang-te zukham in a bulu a, temta khat a tawi hi:

“Mi gilo pa, zawnsan pa, ka khosung apat a kinkin in peem mang in, na inn ka hing phelsah ding ahi. Nang bang mi gilo ka khosung a teng din hing dei sing. Zum lo mo …? Bang kisa na hiai?” chi a inn mai lam ua pat a tom sansan ta hi. Hichibang a hasiat thute Lawm Thang in a zawl lui pa a kum lai in, khua hing mial tahtah ding ahi ta hi. An ne ding in inn lam a zuam pai ua, an ne zoh lian in biah inn ah zin dah a hing ging pai ta hi. A tangpi in kikhop da pen khat vei “Treng” chia kisat zel pen zindan ahichiang in “Treng, treng” chi’n kisat hi. Tami pen Rev. P.D.Chin hunpi tang a thugen ding ahiziah ahi.

Hattuam upa khen khat in Rev.P.D.Chin thugendan a pom thei ua, nupi-papi khen khat in ahileh gaw seng ta lua a chi ua, hagau nawitui tel lou pi chi’n a phun uhi. Chipen, thugen kim lai a “Haleluiah!” chia tang kisam non lo, chi na ahi ding hi. Mi khenkhat ngaidan in hagaumi leh milo tena pen bang zat vei “Haleluiah!” chin a kikou ei, a “Haleluiah!” sam aw ging a ngai e, lasah lai in khut beng in a lam e, chite toh hagaumitna a te (measure) chitchiat uhi. Tua ahileh pen, hagau mitna dia lam zil phot ngai dep ding hile a kilawm hi.

“An gum na neh thei hun uh hi ta napi’n, nawitui na kisam nalai moh uhi; koizong nawitui a kivah khuh naupang nalai ahia, dihtatna thu a piching nai lo ahi zo hi. Hinanleh an gum pen mi pichingte a ding ahia, kisinsahna tung tawn a lungsim sia leh pha khentel thei te a ding ahi zo hi” (Heb.13 – 14).

Zing chiang sun kim a Rev. Chin Hiangtam Lamka zuan a pei ding ahi ta hi. A zawlpa Lawm Thang in khat vei zong me tui tah dei bang a huan kha nai lo ahiman in a kisuang la mama hi. Mun tuamtuam a an ne dia a kuan ziah in a zin ah an Ziltawpni zan maimai in a ne kha a, Tuivai apat Lawm Thang in a matsa nga-gaw a me uhi. Tu zingkal in a zin te’n a aahpi tui lai uh a ana that ua, tuitah a huan a kinei in sathau toh a na kang uhi. Rev. Chin in thau me a ngaina khawl sih a, tuaziah in tam zong a ne zo sih hi. An neh zou in, P.D.Chin in a lawmpa kung ah dah bawm khat a piah a, a sung ah sum zakhat nawt bang zat ama a om hi.
“Paul Mangpu laibu leina leh a poimo khenkhat a dia kang panpi theina om sunsun hia…” a chia Lawm Thang zinu a pia hi. Tasam nan uleh kisuang la ahi ding ua, a la nuam sih uhi; hinanleh Rev. Chin in a nuasia teitei hi.

Lawm Thang: “Tuachia Paul Mangpu a ding ahileh kipah huai ven leh …Kipahhuai sawnsawn ven le.”

P.D.Chin: “Hing kipanpi zou hileh tami sang a tam zoh hing kipe nuam hia … Mangpu pen naupang hoi ahi, ken zong midang apat a tanchin ka na za ngai hi. Mikhat hing suah sing ahi. Bang teng hileh, kithuzah zel vai in, Pasian muang vai …”

Tuachin an neh zou in, gari mun tan Lawm Thang leh a zi in a zinpa uh a va ha ta uhi. Mahajawn-pu jeep zong zanni zan apat dawr mai lamlian lai ah kilang tah in Lamka lam nga kei in a kidaw kigege hi. Gari inn chi om vateh lou in, lamlian lai toh Khosah bus kichi tami jeep a ding vilvel hi. Tami gari in van puamo-puathei teng a pua a – aapi, aatal, voh, siing, malta, hol, zawng siing, dawr van, ui, leh mi zong hi nalai. A front seat a tou khate pen a hampha mama a kingaisun ahi. A nua lam a toute pen vanlom leh mihing zong kikhen thei vateh lo ahia, a seng a kiseng tho ahi. Driver-pa Meitei-te khat ahia, zunam sim kawm, Sapham kisiam sah deu in, “Phul load” achi thei zel hi. Rev. Chin touna din front seat zanni apat kikham ahita a, Simlam apat nupi china khat zong tou dia kham ahi. Mahajawn pu pen a front seat a tou ding sa chi ta lei, a driver pu toh mi li ahi zou ta hi. Tuaban ah, mahajawn-nu zong tutung Hiangtam Lamka zin sawm ahia, tua hileh mi nga a ding ahita hi. Kipom thei dandan a kipom ding dan ahi ua, a ngaina dan ahi. Mahajawn-pu Tedim kampau khat ahia, “Motaw bel zing sun nai 12 lian a ding khe ding hi”, achi hinapi’n sun 12 tan in dam lo nu a hing tung thei nai sih a, dahkal lang val a ngah zo un ahing tung hi.

Gari kipan pai in khomual a gei tah un, mahajawn-pu’n Rev. Chin thumna nei din’ achial a, tuachin mailam a nawt sua ta uhi. Nidang bang in driver-pa zu a nam a, gari nua a malta sip nam toh a zu nam a kidem ua, hinanleh leivui nam ma a hat pen a gari sung a tou teng a luzang apat a kengto tan uh leivui in “baptisma” a bawl hi. Lam sau kuam a pei nua un, Tuivai lei mei in a na kihaal a, gari a tai thei non sih hi. Mi lawi khat in lei hal a ching zel ua, bang deina a ta dia kithei lo hi. Hinaleh tui tawm laitah a hia, lei nuai a gari pei nang lampi sial in, tuachin lui gal si leh nang in a kai zou uhi. Nitah kho mui kuan in Hiangtam Lamka khopi a lut zou uhi. Tu tung singtang mual saang tung chin a kalsaang tawi dia a kuaan pen Rev. P.D.Chin a din siltha tampi a zil beh a om hi. USA a om zou kum li –kum nga sung a inn lam ahing pei patna a hia, pulammi dan leh inn sungmi mit toh sil zousie a en thei hi. Mit ni kibelap ma abang a, khat pen Singtang mi mit hileh, khat pen Tumlam gam mit ahi ding hi.

Zoukam Laigelh Pumpi Telsuina leh Maban Kikupna

(A Critical Study of Zou Literature and Challenges Ahead)

David Vumlallian Zou
School of Geography
Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Thulaimu (Abstract)[i]:

Tuhun chiang in Zoukam a laigelh in zong bangtan e kalsang suanna a nei zouta a, hinanleh maban lam saupi om nalai hi. Namdang ei sang a thu-le-la a na piching zawte nasepdan enton a zilthei ding tampi om hi. Thu-le-la phua laigelh lam leh zattawm laigelh kikhiatna theisiam a, tuachia ani a apoimo tuah dan uh telsui kisam tahzet hi. Hunbihnei a kisun i “tangkoute” uh tua sang a piching zaw a dopsang theina din ngentel tah a thusuidan leh laigelhdan lunglut mi bang zat ama kisinsah ngai ding hi. Tualeh Zoukam a laigelh leh thului tamzaw-te “essay” nadanpa ngen a kigelh ahia, laigelhdan chituamtuam lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, tangthu phuah leh ngentelltah a thusuina laigelh leh thului chite literature puaphatna din kisam mama hi. Thu-le-la phua leh tangthu phuah tawmte pen zuau genna hilou a, thudih melmu theina dia lampi hoipen khat leh lungsim mit kihon theina khutlai chikhat ahizaw uhi.
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Thu-chabite: Thului (article), hunbihnei a laikisunte (periodicals), limchiin (drama), thulahna-naah (sources), leh thu-le-la phua laigelh (creative literature).
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1. Thupatna (Introduction)

Kum 50 peisa hun tan a laizem leh laigelh chite na chiing ngai lou hinanlei tuni’n Zou Lai Saipawl (ZLS) leh Zomi Christian Literatute Committee (ZCLC) chite bang i din suah ta ua, Zoukam ngei zong Manipur sung a dia taan sawm tan ah MIL a tawi thei ding dinmun atung ta hi. Hattuam upa Laisiangthou na letkhe masate tung leh Zoulai puaphatna dia tha leh lungsim na seeng mi tampite ziah ahi chi i thei a, tuaziahin lamkai masate “foundation” lepsa tung ah panmun tha lem thei din i om thei uhi. Hinanleh a bul kipan tung pan i hinalai a, maban kikup ding thu tampi om hi: Laigelh (literatutre) lam ah tulaitah in bang dinmun a ding i hiai? Nam khang toute’n bang chi bang in a literature uh a piching sah uai? Literature khenpi bang teng om a, Zoukam a laigelh in hei lam a nawt ei? Hunbihnei a lai kisun i tangkoute uh tua sang a hoizaw din bang i chi pua thei diai? Thu ngentel tah asuina leh laigelh piching nei thei na dia Zoukam laigelhtute’n kalbi zui dia kisamte bang ahia? Literature lam a maban kalsuanna din tami dotnate limtah a kikup khawm poimo tahzet ahi. Khat vei thu a bangteng genkim sipsep om thei sih nanleh, kihoulim patsah theina ding lunggul in tami laigelh simtute mai ah ka hing luikhia hi.

2. Paite/Tedim Laibu Neiza leh Zoukam Laigelh Etkahna

Amasa in, ham leh pau a i kinaipi mama unau Tedim leh Paite ham a laibu neidan i en phot ding a, tuahileh tu lai tah a Zoukam laigelh bang dinmun a om ahiai chi ahing kilang mai ding hi. Tualchin Neihsial gelh, Paite/Tedim Pau a Laibu Neihzah Suina (1992)[ii] dung zui in tami hamte gel ah laibu 763 apumpi in apha hi. Cyclostyled a kiheh khia teng pai khe lei, khawl a kisun laibu piching 696 maimai apha hi. Tami lah ah 293 sakhona lam toh kisai ahia, amaute chi 8 in ka hing kikhenneen sawn hi (Table 1na en in). Tedim leh Paite ham a laibu neidan kikim sim ahiman in, sakhona laibu 293 lah ah Paite ham siangset 150 lah vel hing kai tou ding ahi. Upa T. Tunzagin gelh, “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” (1998)[iii] in Zoukam a sakhona laibu kisun 59 tan a min a gual suh hi. Paite ham a sakhona laibu phaza Zoukam a sang in aleni-alethum in a tam zaw china asuah hi. Zou kual a Tapidaw hing lutna kum 50 ching zou ta a, sakhona laibu 51 (tangkoute sim lou) in i sunkhe giap uhi [Table 2 na en in]. Kum khat a sakhona laibu khat vaal kisun zou lou a suah hi. Tualeh laibu tampi sut ding (quantity) mai hilou in, giltah leh ‘quality’ nei a sut zong a poimo kia hi.

Tedim/Paite ham a sakhona laibu kisun lah ah Bible hilchetna a tam pen a, aban ah hagau lam hinkhua (devotional) lam in a zui hi. Tuaban ah laibu vantang bialneilou (unclassifiable) tampi a om hi; chipen, hilchetna hilou, church hisorty leh theology zong hituan lou, mitanchin (biography) a simthei lah hilou, Christian ethics in zong a huap tuan lou, bialneilou laibu kigelh tampi a om hi.

Bible/ Commentaries 73
Devotional 58
General/ Unclassified 50
Doctrinal/ Theological 31
Sunday School texts 26
Periodical/ Souvenirs 25
Creative/Hymnals 18
Eschatology 12
Total: 293

Table 1na: Paite/Tedim sakhona laibu

3. Zoukam Laibu Neidan a Mun Awng Omte

Paite ham leh Zoukam a laibu nei zat a number kibang sih nanleh, laibu neidan a thulu a etin a kibang sim hi. Paite ham a sakhona laibu neidan zui in, Zoukam ah zong Sunde Sikul subject leh Bible hilchetna a kinei tam pen hi. T. Tunzagin in Zoukam sakhona laibu 59 agual teng lah ah, 8 pen hunbinei a kisun (periodicals) tangkou leh souvenir lam ahia, adang bu 51 teng laibu piching ahi uhi. Tami sakhona laibu piching bu 51 khenpi (bial) 10 in kikhen sawn thei a, amaute tam anuai a table 2 na ah ahing kipia hi:

1. Bible/ hilchetna 17
2. Naupang Sunde Sikul zillai 11
3. Devotional (Khristian hinkhua) 7
4. Bial neilou (general) 6
5. Doctrinal/theological 4
6. Youth (Khanglai toh kisai) 2
7. Biographical (Mithupite tanchin) 1
8. Eschatology/Huntawp suina 1
9. Gender/Numei toh kisai 1
10. Historical 1
Agawm in (total): 51

Table : 2 na - Zoukam a sakhona laibute

Zoukam a sakhona laibu neidan i etleh Bible hilchetna a tam pen hi chi muthei ahia, aban ah naupang Nipi Saang zillai (text-bu) in a zui ngal hi. Theology lam toh kisai sang in zong khristian hinkhua (devotional) lam a tamzaw hi. Hinanleh Zoukam laibu neidan ah mun awng tampi om hi, chi zong muthei ahi. Mithupite tanchin (biography) leh hattuam khangthu (church history) lam a kitasam mama a, Zoukam ah bu khat tuah om veetvawt uhi. Pastor Dongthawng gelh Gospel Galhang maimai mithupite tanchin toh kisai ahia, tualeh Pu T.Gougin bawl Martalte Taangthu zong hattuam khangthu (church history) toh kisai kha om sunsun ahi.

Tuaban ah, numei dinmun leh pasal dinmun kikal suina (gender) toh kisai lam zong laibu kivaat a, Nu Thangneivah gelh Khristian Numeite Mopuahna maimai Zoukam ah om giap hi. Numei dinmun a siatna hattuam, khotang leh minam ah khantouna tahtah om thei ngai lou hi. Zou pasal tengteng apumpi in BA, MA hisuah nanleh i numeite laisiam ahimatan un khantouna om tuan lou ding hi. Numei leh pasal dinmun seelbuh tuah gige kisam a, kiliangkim a apankhawm thei uh ngai hi. Khovel a gam zawng pente leh tuantual pente i et kawikawi leh numei dinmun a siatna munte nahi mawh hi. Tami ziah in laisiam leh thu suimite’n khotang a numei dinmun pen “society” khantouna tena (measurement) din a zang tangpi ua, solkal-te nasan in numei dinmun poimodan ahing thei khe ta uhi. [Tualeh solkal chi pen English a “government” china leh “nation state” (nampi solkal) genna in i zang thei mai a, hinanleh “society” chi kammal pen Zoukam in lekhiat ahamsa mama hi. Khatvei teng society pen “khotang hinkhua” chin kilet suh gawp a, hinanleh a dih thei sih a, mi khenkhat in “society” omdan a pum theikhia ta uhi. Society in khotang hinkhua ban ah, tawndan, hindan, neh leh tah suidan, politiks a kivaikhawm dan, leh Pasian biahdante a koh kha hi][iv].

Khristian sakhona laibu minthang “classic”-te khat zong Zoukam ah kiletkhe nai lou a, Paite ham in tamlou a kilet sam a, John Bunyan, John R.W. Stott leh Billy Graham laigelhte zong a tel pha uhi. Tualeh Zoukam ah Hattuam Khangthu (church history) toh kisai laibu genthada thului (article) zong mu ding om mel lou hi. Tuaziahin tamite laibu neidan ah mun-awng (gap) lianpi ahi uhi. Tualeh evangelical laigelhte lah ah Zoukam a lekhiat din, John R.W. Stott leh C.S. Lewis laibute bang kalbi masa din a deihuai hi. Lewis laigelh lah ah Mere Christianity leh The Screwtape Letters a kidei mama ahia, Stott laigelh lah ah Basic Christianity leh New Issues Facing Christians Today (suttha pen) chite bang a minthang deu uhi. Unaupa Dongthawng in evangelist leh sermon minthang khenkhat Gospel Tangkou ah ana pulah ngai a, D.L. Moody, Charles Finney, Jonathan Edward, leh a dangdang tampi huap in. Tami sermon-pu leh thugen siamte America gambung apat ahi ua, Puritan bouruak a na khangkhia ahi uhi. Tualeh thugen siamte leh laigelh minthangte kikal ah kibat louna tamlou a om hi. Thugen siam tampite’n sermon a bawlte uh laibu in ahing kisun vang in, mit a sim ding sang in thugenna mun mama a bil a ngai dia na kituat ahi zaw hi. Laigelh minthangte’n pen laidal tung a sim dia ana gelh uh ahia, sermon kinua sutte toh telah in a aw-luan dan tangpi simtute (readers) lungsim toh kitanau thei zawh hi. Evangelical sung a British laigelh minthang mama khenkhat ahileh C.S. Lewis leh John R.W. Stott ahi uhi. America a sermon siam tampite sang in tami British laigelhte theology-ngaisunna lamah a pichin zawna uh tampi a om hi.

4. Thu-le-la Phuah leh Zattawm Laigelh (Creative and Functional Literature)

Nam khangtoute’n laibu atangpi in chi 2 in a khen uhi: thu-le-la phuah (creative literatute) leh zattawm laigelh (functional literature). Khovel a laibu thupi penpen a kigente a tangpi in thu-le-la phuahna bial (category) sung apat ahideu uhi. John Bunyan gelh Khristian Khualzin leh Shakespeare laigelhte bang thu-le-la phuah bial sung huap ahi uhi. Hichibang thu-le-la puahte pen English-kam in “imaginative literature” zong kichi thei hi. Pasian in bang ma lou apat khovel pumpi a siam ma bang in, thu-le-la phuahtu in zong bangma lou apat siltha leh khovel tha khat a siamkhiat kisam a, tuami din “thopna hagau” chikhat a tan ngai hi. Hichibang thu-le-la phuahna dia chiindan piching khenkhat na om a, tuate ahileh – lagui (poetry), tangthuphuah (novel/ fiction), limchin/limpie (drama), leh tangthu tom (short story).

I pi-le-pute hun apat Zoukam in lagui chiindan (convention) hausa tah ananei zou ta hi. Khanglui la sung ah sannem la, han la, zangta la leh adangdang tampi a om a, laidal-laitui a gelh ahi lou manun tami khanglui laguite tampi kimansuah zou ta hi. Thukhual thei mi khat leh ni in Zoukam a khanglui late upate apat ana khum khah sunsun teng uh a suahta a, a kikhum louteng miluite a si chiang un kivuimang zel hi. 1950 vel a Khristian i suah ua pat, khanglui laguite thaluang in Tapidaw lagui tampi kiphua a, tampi ma zong Tumlam Mikangte phuahsa apat kilet sawn hi. Hinanleh Pasian Lathabu a lenkhawm la i dei tampite Zoukam ahilouleh unau Lushei, Hmar, Thadou, Paite, leh Tedim kam a kipuahte ahi nuam uhi. Tumlam la kilet tawmte pen uulsun deu a biahinn kikhopna ah kizang deu sese a, mi khenkhat bang in lusuhsuah hileh-kilawm bang in asa dualdual uhi. Eima kam a kipuah Tapidaw la toh Pasian biah pen kilim deu sese dan ahi. Tualeh khanglui laham thei lou in Tapidaw la ngaih tah koima’n puah thei lou zel hi. Tuaziahin khanglui laguite i minam gou manpha chikhat ahi.

Khangluite’n tulai a tangthu tom (short story) toh kitanau thuphuah khenkhat na siam ua, tuate ahileh Khupching leh Ngambawm, Neinou leh Nantal, Penglam, Thanghou leh Liandou, leh adg.adg. Khupching leh Ngambawm pen ki-itna dih tah genna ahia, azawlla phuah khenkhat uh “Solomon Late” toh tekah thei na chian om a, tualeh sizouchiang a i pi-pute gindan leh “theology” zong hilchetna a bawl hi. Penglam tangthu pen i pi-pute din ei Tapidaw-te “Paunahte” (Proverbs) bang ahi mai a, mimo omdan leh mipil omdan hilchetna kizen khat asuah hi. Tamite pen khanglui thu-le-la phuah ahia, atangthu kal ah lagui tampi kizep hi.

I pi-le-pute’n limchin (drama) leh thuphuah (novel/fiction) gelhdan na thei kha lou uhi. Limchin pen Khris pianma kimzabi 5 a Greek-te’n na gelh pan ta ua, Latin Tapidaw hattuam masate’n zong Limchiin Piandang (“Mystery Plays”) kichite Jesu shina apat a thokiana tahlatna din’ kumzabi 10 vel apat na pankhia uhi. Kum 22 vel ahilai in English limchiin bawl siam pen William Shakespeare ngei zong hichibang hattuam sung a Limchiin Piandang-te khenkhat a na kihal leh kisinsah na mu zel hi ding a gintat ahi[v]. Limchiin Piandang in Thuhun Lui a silsiam thu leh Thuhun Tha a vaihawmna nukhia tan limchiin in a tahlang zel hi. Tami apat Sia-le-pha Limchiin (Morality Plays)[vi] kichi mihing lungtang a siatna leh hoina kidoudan limchiin ahing piang khe sawn hi. Tapidaw Kum 50 Souvenir-bu sung a “Journey of the Cross: A Dramatic Display”[vii] ka mu leh kumzabi 16 bul England a limchiin kipat tung lai a Sia-le-pha Limchiin kichite ahing phoh sah hi.

Tangthu phuah (novel) pen chiindan tha mama asuah a, kumzabi 19 a England a Charles Dickens hun vel a na kipan ahi. Zoukam a tangthu-phuah masa pente Pu Tualzachin leh Pu Liansuankap laikung apat hing piang ahi. Limchin laibu Zoukam ah khat zong om nailou hi. Unau Meitei-te limchin gelh leh tatlat a siam mama ua, a literature uh hausatna leh thupina khat ahi.

Thu-le-la phuah laigelh (creative literature) toh sakhona leh zilnazau (secular) thulute ani in kigelh thei tuahtuah hi. C.S. Lewis laibu minthang The Screwtape Letters leh John Bunyan Khristian Khualzin zong tangthu phuathu ahi ua, hinanleh zuauthu genna hilaizang lou uhi. Hichibang thuphuah theina talent pen Mangkam in “creativity” kichi a, mikim in zong neithei lou nalai hi. Zoukam literature pichinna din thu-le-la phuah siam mi tampi poimo hi. Tuni tan in Zoukam in limchiin leh tangthu tom tawh kisai laibu khat ma zong nei nai lou hi. Tangthu-phuah (novel) 4 maimai nei a, 4 ah ah thum te mikhat maimai lai kung a hing piang ahi: Pu Tualzachin apat. Thu-le-la phuah a talent suina leh suhpung na ding in “creative literature” liuliau tawh kisai seminar leh workshop-te bawl zel ngai hi. Tualeh limchiin leh tangthu tom gelh kidemna bawl in, nuamman kilawm huntoh kibawl leh Zoukam a thu-le-la phuahna ah masawn belapna om thei ding hi. Thu-le-la phuah teng hoikim lou ding a, hinanleh awl in a hoi leh gil mama “creative literature” chi tuamtuam hing piang thei ding hi.

Zattawm laigelh (functional literatute) in thu-le-la puah chi lou tengteng ahuap suah hi. Hichibang in a huap pha ahileh Bible hilchetna, sermon gelhkhiat, Sikul text-bute leh Nipi Sikul laizilte, mitanchin(biography) leh mimal tanchin (autobiography), hattuam khanthu (church history), theology, thusuina thuluite leh adg.adg. ahi uhi. Zattawm laigelhte pen a zatna ding leh azangtu ding bihiah tuam om deu a, hinanleh thu-le-la phuah tawmte pen mikim in zang thei a, lui ta chi zong om thei khol lou hi. Zattawm laigelhte pen laibu tha zaw leh hoi zaw khat ahing kisut chiang in koima’n zang ut non lou hi. Tuaziahin khovel a laibu thupi pen a kigente atangpi in, thu-le-la kiphuah thuhte ahi sese uhi. Lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, leh tangthu phuah chite pen tul thei lou a, a lui deudeu uleh a manphatna lian deudeu zawsop hi. Thu-le-la phuah thute pen atheisiam lou khenkhat te’n zuau genna dan phial in ngaisun sim uhi. Tangthu phuah-tawm a mimin leh munmin khemkhem kivaw tawm nanleh a thugen ut pen thudih tul thei lou ahia, tuami a thutuun khu sil poimo pen ahi. Thuphuah (fiction) leh khangthu (history) pen a peidan kibang sih nanleh, a tupna uh kibang veve ahi – thudih suina ahituah uhi. Khangthu in hun peisa a mun-le-mual om tahtah a mihing tahtahte hinkhua a sui bang in, thuphuah tawm (fiction) in zong mihing ham-le-pau khutlai a zang in laigelh chiindan na kibawl sa tungtawn in mihing hinkhua omzia hing ensah nuam a, thudih i manghilsate leh i mangmat kha ngai loute, muthei din i lungsim mit ahing honsah thei hi. Laigelhtu khat in hichin a gen a, “Khangthu (history) ah mimin leh munmin teng a dih kim a, hinanleh a thugen ut pen dih gige lou hi. Tangthu phuah tawm (fiction) ah mimin leh munminte a dih khol sih ding a, hinanleh a thugen peipi leh a sinsahna pen thudih tul ngai lou ahi thei hi”.

5. Thu Telsuina Lam a-laigelhdan Kalbi Khenkhat Kikupna
(Some research techniques)

Zoukam a laigelh a pichin theina ding in ngentel tah a thu telsui dan thei ut leh lunglutna nei mi phabeb khat nei ngai a, tuate laigelh tung tawn in laigelh changkang leh “quality” nei kisun thei pan ding hi. Tami thusuina lam sang a kisinsahna pen siamna sang mama neite maimai University ah kipiah a, hinanleh “research degree” nei sese lou a mimal kitoudel theina ding kham zil thei tahluat in ka ngaisun hi. Thu kan-ut leh thei-ut subject (thulu) tuamtuam a om bang in, thu telsuina (research) bawl dan zong chi tuamtuam leh lampi tampi om hi. Khotang theina (social sciences) lam mittuh deu in thusuidan kalbi tangpi khenkhat i kikum ding uhi. Thusui a laigelhte dia kisam sil poimo khenkhat ahileh: thulahna-nah (source of information), i bial kimvel a laigelhte etsuahna (survey of literature), i huapsung ding bihiahna (scope), panmun lepna, thu malnenna leh bulkhawmna (thesis, anti-thesis, and synthesis), hun leh mun theina (time and space), adg.adg. tampi om hi.

a) Thulu Bihiahna (scope of study): Thu limsuina i bawl ut leh i thulu (topic) ding bihiah masat ngai a, thulu khat sung ah zong bangkim kihuam thei lou nalai ding hi. Tami din i thulu ding a hun leh mun (time and space) bihiah ahing poimo hi. Hun leh mun bihiah nei lou a thu kigen tamzawte pen thusuina thuh in kituat thei lou hi. Hun khat a sil hoi mama pen hun dang leh mun dang ah hoikhin lou mai thei ahi. Etsahna din, “Khristian sakhona in kipum khatna a tun hi” mi khat in chi taleh thuvantang maimai ahia, a mun leh hun abihiah lou leh khiatna nei lou suah hi. Thulu khat, a hun leh amun hoitah a bihiah ahi zou ching in, limtah in kithuhsui thei pan beb hi. Upadi khat in “Mei sel khat in lui ni tan vah thei lou” achi bang in, khat vei thu in thulu khat sang a tam zaw kitelsui thei lou hi. Thulu khat maimai a i lungsim leh tha, bihiah tah a i seen ngap leh tuami toh kisai in sil tampi kizil be thei pan hi. Nidang lai kumzabi 7-8 BC vel a Greek-te’n “symposium” houlimna, ana bawl uh zong a thulu kibihiah chitchiat hi. Symposium ah thulu khat sang a tam zaw kigen thei lou hi. Thugentu tampi om nanleh thulu khat maimai gen dia kibihiah om a (focus), tuami thulu toh kisai in ngaidan tuamtuam kingai khia hi. Lungsim tampi leh thugentu leh laigelhtu tampi in khatvei thu a thulu khat maimai kibihiah a gen chiang un, tuami thulu pen ngentel tah in kikheu siang thei sipsep pan hi.

b) Thulahna-Naah (sources of information): Thu limsuina leh “research” danpi poimo pen khat ahileh thulahna-naah ding kan masat, thei masat leh gelh khat masat ngai a, tami pen kalbi kisam khat ahia, “bibliographical research” kichi hi. Mikhat in a thulu ding a bihiah zou chiang in, tuami thulu kimvel lai na kigelhsa leh thu na kigensa tengteng ahing sui tou detdet thei hi. Tami ding in laibu nualam a kigelh zel a “Sui bailamna” (Index) te a pha tuam mama a, tualeh article nua a laibu-min (bibliography) kigelhte zong limtah a sui tha ngai hi. Tami apat i thulu toh kisai a lai na kigelh omsa tengteng hing kithei ding hi. Tuaziah in thulu khat toh kisai a thu khat i gen ding chiang in ei masang a thu kigensa teng thei masat a poimo mama hi. Tuami i thei lou leh mi gensa leh bawlsate a thuapthuap a bawl maimai kisuah ding hi. Tualeh midang in hun dang leh mun dang a i thulu bihiah toh kisai a ana gente uh, ei a dia zatthei leh puaphat thei tampi om ding hi. Tham lou in, ngaidan tha zong hing guan thei malam uhi. British sum cheng 2 sia (coin) ning zui ah “standing on the shoulders of giants” (miliante liang tung a ding) chi thuteng kigiel a, Sir Isaac Newton kamteng apat kilakhia ahi. Khovel a scientist thupi pen khat Sir Newton in hichi’n anagen a, “Midangte sang a gamla zaw ka mutheina ziah ahileh, miliante liang tung a ka din ziah ahi”[viii]. Gendan tuam in gen lei, a thusui na thulu toh kisai laigelh thupi kigelh sa teng a sim masa a, tuate a kipat dinmun tha leh sang zawh a lemtou hi, china ahi.

Tuamiziah in i thugente i lahna-na kichian tah a tahlat kia kisam a, tuami i bawl lou leh leptatna chi khat a kingai sun ahia, “plagiarism” kichi ahi. Gam khang toute ah mithugensa khat pulahna leh “reference” pe sese lou a gensawnna, “plagiarism” pen dan in a phal lou ahia, court a din theina thu ahi. Tualeh “plagiarism” pen midang ngaidan va guh sahna suah a, Christian ethics toh zong kituah lou hi. Tuamiziah a thulahna-naah tahlat leh laibu ette tahlat teitei poimo mama hi. Thului (article) leh laigelh dangte a laibu-ette leh thulahna-naah i tahlat leh, midang tuami thulu a lunglutna nei leh thu telsui utte’n maban bailam tah in a zomtou thei ding uhi.

c) Ngentel tah a Thulu Etna (analytical approach): Thulu khat phot kichian tah a i bihiah a, hun bang tan ama i suizui nua in tuami thulu toh kisai a gen leh sah na nei kha mite laigelh tampi hing kithei ta hi. Hinanleh khat leh khat kikukal chiat ding ua, kizopna zong nei mel loudan in kilang ding uhi. Innlam ding hilei, tami ngaidan na omsate leh i thulahna-naah te pen buannawi leh inn sing kilom khawm toh kibang maimai ahi. Tami sing leh buan lomte abat inn khat din doh theina din, kituah tah a gual tha angai ding hi. Inn sing a sau deute tan tom ngai a, khenkhat pe ngai bang om zel hi. Hinanleh duiteen-duichar i nei teng in panmun i neisah ngai a, a kizang thei vawt loute pen touna pou in kisiam nalai hi.

Ngentel tah a thusuina zong hichi bang veve ahia, ngaidan a vaal seng om a, ahilou leh thugen a vaat deu belap ngai lawi zong om a, khenkhat thului (article) leh laigelhna a thunlut ding a thulu in a phallou zong om thei a, tuate laigelh nualam ah “endnote/ footnote” in kizang thei nalai hi. Tualeh thulu khat toh kisai a i thugen masat (thesis) khat phot a kalna ding thudih dang (anti-thesis) khat om gige zel a, tami thudih tuahtuah ahivang a kikal dinmun a omte seelbuh tuah hing ngai a, tami i seelbuh thei leh thudih sang zawh khat hing pawt ding a, tuami pen “thudih lomkhawm” (synthesis) kichi hi. Thudih pen sum toh akibatna chiang om hi, sum in mai ni a nei ma bang in, thudih in mai ni a nei hi. Tung leng va te zong ha khat chau toh leng thei lou ahima bang in, thudih zong ha khat maimai toh leng thei lou a, “thudih lomkhawm” ngai hi. Ngeltel tah a thulu khat bihiah tah a i sui detdet lou leh “thudih lomkhawm”(synthesis) genthada thudih halangkhat (anti-thesis) tan zong kitung lou ding hi. Thulu tampi toh kisai a i theina uh ngaidan masa (thesis) tan ah kinga den a, akum-akum a tami ngaidan toh i om chiang in ngaidan tha suibe utna lungsim gen thada in a suibe utte zong kimuda thei hi. Mihing pen bukim ngai lou ahiman in lungsim kihong nei poimo a, sangsie dan a kingai sut sang in sang naupang hoi hi ding pen dei huai zaw hi. Mihing khat poupou bukim dan a ahing kikoi ching in mimaw suah zel hi.

6. Hunbi nei a Kisun Laigelhte (Periodical Literature)

Zoukam a sakhona lam toh kisai hunbihnei a kisun laibu 8 teng lah ah a poimo pente ahileh Gospel Tangkou, Khristian Tangkou, Suolam Aahsi, leh Khanglai Bulletin chite ahi uhi. Man tawm nou a kisun ahiman un, lai sim thei leh sim ut taphot in bailam tah in a lei zou uhi. Manipur a Zou kampau milip 17,000 vel om lah ah, 60% bang lai simthei-gelhthei dia tuat ahi. Tami teng lah ah, unau Roman Catholic leh pawl neuneute’n tami i tangkou geente sim kha lou ding ua, tuaban ah pawlpi piching Zou Synod leh ELCC sung a laisimdan kihilkha nai lou (illiterates) te’n zong i tangkoute sim kha lou ding uhi. Tuahitaleh, Manipur a Zoukam pau milip 17,000 lah ah hunbinei a laikisunte sim dia lamet thei mi 3,000 beh om thei ahi. Tami laisim lah ah, ama za-ip sawh a laibu lei ding pen 1000 khel om lou ding hi. Tuaziahin, Zoukam laigelh pichin theina din sil kisam khenkhat om a, tami daltu lian deute anuai ah ka hing gual suh hi:

i) Lai simtheilou-gelhtheilou mi (illiterate) hunkhop om nalai a, tami daltu lian lah a masa pen ahi. A suhbeina ding in saangnaupang volunteer leh “mass literacy camp” tampi kisam ding a, vacation awl hun chia hunlemtang et thei gige ahi.

ii) Pawlpi tuamtuamte laigelh khat leh khat kisimsah tuah lou, lai lam a kipanpi tuah louna leh pankhawm louna. Pawl kibat lou ziah in Zoukam pau sung a lai simthei-gelhthei ( reading audience) kisekhen a, pawl neu a omte diahdiah bang koima hindan toh kisoh pha lou in tuam om bitbet thei uhi. Atawp khohna ah, pawl neu a omte pen geen tham ching lou in koi ta lei, pawl piching Zou Synod leh ELCC tegelh in laibu zuahna (market) kibang nei theina dia pankhawm kisam hi.

iii) Lai simthei na pia lunglutna nei lou ziah a laisim lou a “suti” la den Zoukam pau sung ah tampi om hi. Aziah khat ahileh Zoukam a laibute simtah sa lou, himai thei ua, laibu “quality” bawl hoi lei a sim pan ding uhi. Graduate zou a zong laisim chiindan (habit of reading) nei thei nai lou mi tampi tah om hi. Seminar bawl mun lei, thugil kikupna tampi ombe thei dia, hichibang laisiam hingal a laisim “suty” la ziuziau te kiphong hal thei kia hi.

iv) Sum nei lou ziah a laibu lei zou lou, sim zou lou zong khat leh ni om tham hi. Hichibang mite a din laibu a thon a khel theina ding library (laibuli) kisam hi. Mimal a laibu tampi lei zou leh kaikhawm zoute’n zong lai sim ut napia lei zouloute ngaiven hoi hi. Evangelical lamkai minthang John R.W. Stott Ministry te’n JSM Langham Literature Programme tungtawn in hattuam lamkaite laibu leina ding liuliau in Fund a siam ua, Africa, India, Cuba, Brazil leh mun dangdang ah pastor-te adin library tampi a dinsuah uhi[ix].

Hunbinei a laikisunte zap zangkhai ahiman un, laibu pichingte sang ma in mi tampi’n sim bailam zaw sa uhi. Tuaziahin hichibang hunbineite (journals) a hoi thei pen leh gil thei tawp dia a “quality” uh suhsaang a dei huai hi. Quality khansah dan tampi om thei a, tuate lah ah laito-khawl changkang (advanced printing technology), laigelh chiindan changkang, lunglutna chi tampi huap (diversification of interests), special issue nei zelzel, chite ei dinmun toh kituah in i gen nuam uhi.

Gospel Tangkou leh adang khenkhat in Komputer Offset a zang pan ta ua, technololy lam a kalkhat suanbe na ahi. Laibu kisun pen mit a et lawm leh sim nop ahi ding dei huai hi. Hinanleh a poimo zaw ahileh a sung a “thutuun” (content) ahia, tami lampang ah nahpia panlah ngai hi. Hunbinei a laikisunte a simnop huaina din lunglutna haup lian nei poimo a, i thugenna bial (field) leh thugen dan zong khel zelzel kisam hi. Thu hoi pen zong gendan kibang a i gengen leh dau thei ahimanin, a hun leh mun dung zui a them khatkhat siamtha zel ngai hi. Sawltah Paul in a piantha dan Nasepte sung ah mun tampi ah a geen a, hinanleh a geen chin in a mun leh bouruak (context) toh kituah in themkhat a kikhel sah zel hi. Zoukam a tangkoute’n pawlpi thu leh gingtu hagau hinkhua (devotional) lam ban ah, thulu (topic) dangdang zong mun a piah zel uh kisam in ka thei hi. Numei dinmun (gender), khanglaite hinkhua leh lunglutna lam suina (youth studies), mission nasepna, khotang buaina leh natna (social issues), neh leh tah suina (economic issues), hattuam leh mission khangthu (church and mission history), mithupite hinkhia (biography), pipu tawndan leh Tapidaw biahna (culture and Christianity), laipeh tungtawn a Pasian nasepna (literature ministry) chite bang nelsia lou din a poimo hi.

Tualeh laigelh dan dia kibawl chiindan piching khenkhat om a, tuate ahileh lagui gelh, limchiin (play) gelh, tangthu phua (novel) leh tangthu tom (short story) banah prose essay gelh chite ahi uhi. Bible ah lagui tampi om a, Sam labu khu a lian pen ahi. Jesu’n a thugen hilchetna din tangthu tom “gentethu” (parable) kichite anahzat mama a, tulai “short story” toh kinai sim hi. Tualeh zawlneite leh Job gelhtu in limchiin (drama) chindan pian sim in thu agen uhi. Job laibu sung ah Pasian leh Job kinialna (debate) banah, Job leh a lawmte nahpi’n a kinial uhi. Sawltah Paul in laithot gelh anah bawl hi. Tuaziahin, Bible in laigelh dan chi tuamtuam tampi nei a, thugen dan a mi zil, ahun zil, a mun zil in Thuhun Lui apat Thuhun Tha sung ah na kikhel toutou hi. Zoukam a tangkoute’n ahileh a thugen dan bihiah (rigid) khat a nei ua, a kikhel ngai seng sih hi. Prose essay dan ngen in ei lah ah lai kigelh a, lagui chiindan, limchiin, leh short story chiindante kipum nelsia hi. Jesu mama in tangthu-phuah tom nounou “geente thu” i chite uh na zang a, hinanleh tulai mi tampi’n “essay” lou ngal Bible toh kisuah loudan in koi phial uhi. Tulai a i thului (article) gelhdan tangpi uh “essay” tomte pen kumzabi 18 lai a English-mi Francis Bacon, French-mi Montaigne, America-mi Emeson-te hun a hing piang pan ahi. Tuami ma tan in laigelh tamzaw lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, laithot dan ngen in na kigelh hi.

Tuaziah in hunbih nei a laikisunte “quality” dopsangna din kum khat a khat vei tei beh “Special Issue – Symposium” nei a ngai ding hi. Hichibang symposium masa pen khat Gospel Tangkou October 1998 ah hing pawt a, a thupi ahileh “Christian Literature Poimaw Daan” chia minvo ahi. Tuami Speical Issue ah Tapidaw laigelh toh kisai, editorial pum in, article 7 zen thulu khat nuai ah bihiah tah in tuang a, Upa T. Tunzagin gelh tuni tan a Zoukam a literature thuhsuina (bibliographical research) om sun, “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” zong tuami issue ah tuang hi. Tualeh GT editorial Rev. Hauzalian in tuami issue ma ah hunbihnei a kisun tangkoute toh kisai hichin a gen hi:

“Tami khu sipkhian a thugenpa (Silent Preacher) ahia, thugen mite keng a avapei theilouna dong ah ava peithei a, tualeh tamia thutah manpha kigente kum tampi nua chiang in zong a zatthei nalai ding uhi”[x].
Tualeh hunbihnei a laikisunte adin “Book Review” sil dei huai mama ahi. Zoukam a laibu kisun tha khat a om nah leh “review” bawl pai ding a hoi hi. Laibumin, agelhtu, laibu man, a kisut kum leh mun, banah a thutuun leh thulaimu (abstract) tahlah pai kisam hi. Tami pen Zoukam laibu thate “advertise” bawlna banah, a laibu pumpi sim manlou leh sim khaloute adia kial-lap ding theina in zong pang thei hi. “Book review” in laibu thate ah lunglutna lianpi piangsah thei a, tuachin laisim dan ding lampi leh a thulaimu kheukhiat dan ding kisinsahna zong hithei hi. Tuaban ah, “book review” pen pilvang tah a mipiching mama khat in a gelh leh, laigelhtu (author) te adin zong hanthonna leh laibu “quality” puaphat dan ding lampi kohmuna zong piangsah hi.

7. Thuhitna (Conclusion)

Tami thului (article) ah Zoukam laigelh pumpi a tomkim a etna i nei ua, hinanleh hamkam leh hamzat dan toh kisai bang ma ka gen sih hi. Hamzat dan toh kisai in Pu Nehkhojang leh Pu Thangkhanlal te’n ana sui zui ta uhi. Tami lam toh kisai in sil poimo thum om in ka thei hi: (a) Zoukam “spelling” kibang gual zat thei na dia pan lah ngai hi; tami pen a gen sang in a zui hamsa zaw hi (b) Ham leh pau kinaipi Tedim leh Paite spelling zat dan toh kinai sah ding tum lei, Kawl lam a Zou kampaute’n simnop sa ding ua, i laigelhte uh zuahna ding “market” zong et lou kiphamo in ka thei hi. Tami thu tawh kisai Unaupa Lamkhothawng in “I Zoukam leh I Zoulai” chi thului ah kichian tah in 1996 kum in ZSP magazine ah ana gelh ta hi[xi] (c) Zoukam a ham in a dai lou Mangkam tampi omte mimal in kisai thei lou a, ham kinaipi namdang literature vaisaite tawh “workshop” nei khawm a lunggul huai ding hi. Etsahna din, “literature” chi kamteng maimai zong ei singtangmi kam a bang chi lehkhat ding? Ei sang a na kipanbai zaw unau Mizo-te nasep dan zong a hoi lai a om leh, lungsim kihong tah a zat thei pai mai ahi. “Drama” chi kamteng bang unau Paite-te’n limchiin achi ua, a min dang phuah tha sang a zat khawm thei ahi. Ham leh pau pen a zang ding mi a tam lai sia a hoi ahi; a zang ding mi a om lou leh ham pen misi toh kibang maimai ahi.

Tualeh laigelhdan dih (grammar) leh hamkam sinna (linguistics) chite pen hun tawh kituah a sil kikhelkhel ahi ua, hinanleh thuphuah-laphuah (literature) a khantouna pen sil tuam pi khat ahi nalai hi. Amasa in Zou hamkam dih sang ma in zong Zoukam laigelh hausa tah piansuah ding poimo zawh hi. Literature a gamkehlet ding i genlai in, “spelling” toh kiselbuai a kikaih-awh sah lou ding dei huai hi. Zoukam laigelh toh kisai in, zilnazau laigelh (secular literature) sang in sakhona laibu lam i nah gen zaw kha uhi. Upa T. Tunzagin in biahna laibu neidan theina dia laibu minte ahing kaihkhop bang in zilnazau (secular) lam laigelh zong a kinthei pen a kaikhop a dei huai hi. Hinanleh laibu kisut kum leh a kisutna mun geltel teitei a poimo hi, laibu khen khat Lamka a kisun hithei a, khenkhat Imphal a kisun zong hithei hi. Tualeh laibu kisut kum i geltel lou leh laibu upatdan-naupandan kihisap thei lou hi. Hichibang a laibu min kaikhop pen silbailam hilou a, Mangkam in “bibliographical research” kichi hi. Ngentel tah a thu suitheina din tami “bibliographical research” kalbi poimo masa khat ahi gige hi.


Notes and References:

[i] Maangkam a “abstract” pen thu a tomkim a lahna chikhat ahia, tuaziahin thulaimu ka chi hi, singkung zong a laimu pen gil sese ahi man in. Tomkim zong chi thei hithou nanleh, tami kammal pen Mangkam a “summary” genna din kituah ka sa zoh hi. Thulaimu pen a tomkim maimai hilou a, tuami sang in gil zaw nalai ahi. Tami Mangkam a kizang gige kamteng ni “abstract” (thulaimu) leh “summary” (tomkim) chite Zoukam a om lou ahi ziah in a nawngkai mama a, tualeh Zoukam a laigelh kichi ngal a Mangkam vive va zat moh ding zong a lemtan lou hun a tam mama hi. Zoukam a thulaimu leh tomkim chi kammalte kizang pun pou leh kingainase thei pai din lamet ahuai hi. Kingaina se matan Mangkam toh “bracket” a zat khawm phot ngai ding a, hinanleh khat vei i kingainase nahleh Mangkam a bracket-te awlawl a hepmang thei ahi ding uhi. Tualeh Manglai a “article” pen nau Tedim-te zatdan tawh kituah in, thului chi thei mai ahi. Midang sim thei dia “thu” kiluikhia china ahiban ah, luita sung a tui kisung khawm bang a “thu-lui” china zong hithei veve hi.
[ii] Neihsial, Tualchin, Paite/Tedim Pau a Laibu Neihzah Suina (Paite Literature Society, Lamka, 1992).
[iii] Tunzagin, Upa T., “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” in Gospel Tangkou Vol. XI, No. 10, October 1998, pp. 18 – 21.

[iv] Atom gen in, society pen mihing khat sang a tamzaw omna mun a hindan genna ahia, tuahziahin hattuam pawlpite zong society pulam a om ahi tuan sih uhi. Mimal khat tuikul-gam ah a ngentang in om leh society pulam a om chithei pan ahia, hinanleh lawm khat maimai a nei le zong society in a huampha veve hi. Pasian in mihingte society a teng dia asiam ahia, tuaziahin gamsa i hilou buang leh society sung a om ihi. Mikhen khat in “Hattuam pawlpi sang a society ngaina zaw” chi kammal a zang ngai ua, society leh hattuam pen melma bang in a gen kha uhi. Society pen tampi vei laibu (text) toh tekhin in omzel a, huchi hitaleh Thuhun Tha bute sang a Thuhun Lui bute ngaina zaw, chibang a om thei diai? Society pen Bible pumpi hitaleh, Thuhun Tha hattuamte pen New Testament(NT) laibu teng bang ahi. NT leh OT teng khat ahima bang in hattuam leh society zong khat ahi veve uhi. I society pen Tapidaw society asuahna dia pan i lah lou leh Khristian hattuam a beh a kisusiang thei tuan lou hi. Khrist ngei zong a chiil a thu (logos) hinanleh tahsa leh sisan nei in Jew-mi hing suah a Jew-te society sung ah mihing bang in a om hi. Van a hing kipan hinanleh mihing society khu a nasepna “mission field” ahi. Tuaziah in, society pen “khotang hinkhua” china mai hizaw lou in, mihingte hinkhua leh khoheidan pumpi genna ahizaw hi.
[v] King, Neil and Sarah King, The Complete English Literature Handbook, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2001, p. 106.
[vi] Ibid., p. 104.

[vii] Zamlunmang, T, Zamkholian and Kapkhanhau, “Journey of the Cross: A Dramatic Display” in Tapidaw 50 Golden Jubilee Feb. 20, 1954-2004, pp. 177-182.
[viii]Sir Isaac Newton thugen, Mangkam a na sim be ut leh “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” [On-line] A Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) ©1996-2003 Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg
[ix] John R.W. Ministry leh North America a hattuam tampite’n hattuam piching a lamkai thei a, tuachia amau hamkam leh tawndan (culture) toh kituah a Pasian thuhilna bawl sawn thei dingte maimai mit-tuh ding a ngai poimo mama uhi. Tuahileh hiching bang lamkaite’n midang tampi kisinsahna na pesawn thei dia lamet ahi. Simbe in, In the Gap - John Stott Ministry Newsletter, Fall 2003.
[x] Hauzalian, Rev. “Gospel Tangkou Isuana San/ Aziah point 10 te” (Editorial), in Gospel Tangkou Vol. XI, No. 10, October 1998, pp. 1-2.
11 Unaupa Lamkhothawng in IA leh IE banah UA leh UO zatdan kibang nei ding thu ana suut kha ta hi. Zoukam a Laisiangthou (BSI 1967) kisun masa pen in ei Zou aw-suah tawh kituah in IA leh UA ana zang a, hinanleh tuaban a Laisiangthou kisunte’n IE leh UO thakhat a ahing zatdan uh a geen chian ta hi. IE leh UO pen Kawl lam a i unau Zou-te laigelhdan tawh kituah lou ahibanah I ham kinaipi Simte, Paite, Tedim leh Vaiphei-te zatdan tawh zong kituah lou hi. Thadou a maimai tawh hing kituah giap ding hi. T. Lamkhothong gelh, “I Zoukam leh I Zoulai” in tami bang in a geen a: “UA leh UO kimandan – Higel ah zong eima Zou aw sua a pian theina ding in UA man kul hi. UA leh UO a gin dan ki bang pian veve a, nanleh UA pen in eima aw sua piangsah zaw hi. UO i man chiang in Thadou/Kuki … aw sua piang hi… Himi laimal unau Burma a um Zomite [“Zou” geen na] leh Teddim Chin i chi teng in mang ua, Manipur ah Paite, Lushei, Vaiphei, Simte leh a dangdang in mang pen in nei uh hi. Tuaban ah I Zou Labu masa leh Bible msa ah zong kimang a I nam pumpi sung ah chi hoitah a kituta ziah in hen thei ahi nawn sih hi. Nahleh tulai I Bible tegel leh I labu tegel ah IE leh UO kimang in laimal zah dan … a hen ziah un i gam pumpi in kibuai lawta hi”. Zoukam pen Simte, Tedim leh Paite kampau teng in bailam tah in thei ua, hinanleh tua i spelling zatdan uh simha sa mama uhi. Alangkhat ah, Thadou kampau sung ah Zoukam theisiam pen mi tawm mama a, Zoukam leh Paite ham nasan zong unau Thadou tampite’n khenthei lou mawh uhi. Laibu zuahna market ending hilei, tua i spelling zat tangpi uh UO leh IE pen Kawlgam a Khamtung Zou leh Manipur ngei ah zong khot hamsa mama ding hi. Lamkhothong geen bang in, UA leh IA pen eima Zou aw-suah tawh kituah zawh a, Kawlgam a Zou-te a din’ zong zatbailam zaw ding hi. Simbe in, Zomi Sangnaupang Pawlpi (ZSP) Annual Magazine 1995-96, Churachandpur, pp. 71-72.


Appendix - I

ZOUKAM LAIBU NEIDAN KHENKHAT SUINA
(Arranged in alphabetical order)

Awnkhankhup, Rev. Joshua Hilchetna.
BSI (1967). Thuhun Tha (New Testament).
BSI (1981). Thuhun Tha leh Sam.
BSI (1992). Pasian Laisiang thou (Holy Bible).
Chingkhannuam, Nu. Bible Tangthu Vol I & II.
Chinzathang, Rev. Johan Hilchetna.
D.Khupsuanhang Sisan Gualzawlna.
Dimkhochin, Ruth. Khangthate Hinkhua Siamhoina Ding Thute.
Dongzathawng, Pastor. Gospel Galhangte.
ELCC, Ed. (2004). Tapidaw 50 Golden Jubilee Souvenir: Rock of Salvation. Churachandpur, ELCC.
Ginchinzam, Rev. Galatiate Hilchetna.
Ginchinzam, R. Nasepte Hilchetna.
Ginzapau, Rev. Hagau Siangthou leh Anasep.
Ginzapau, Rev Sabath and Sunday.
Gougin, T. Martalte Tangthu.
Hangminthang, Rev. Jesu Khrist leh Asilbawlte.
Hangminthang, Rev. Leente I & II Hilchetna.
Hangpi, Pastor. Hinkhua Puitu.
Hangpi, Pastor. Hinkhua Sutomtu.
Hangpi, Pastor. Missionary Silpiah Dingdan.
Haochinthong, ed. (1988). Zou Sung Kivaihawmna (Administration among the Zou Tribes). Churachandpur, Zomi Sangnaupang Pawlpi (ZSP).
Haozalian, Rev. Khristian Kichi Koi e?
Haozalian, Rev. Mihing Lungsim Khuh.
IBL Tunglam Apat Panpina.
Kaikhohau, & Gouzapau eds.. (1985). Zola (Sanneem La), Self Publishing.
Kaizakham, P., ed. (2000). Phiamphu Khang Thu Suut Na. Churachandpur, Co-opertive Printing Press/ Phiamphu Phungpi Organisation.
Kamkhosoi, Rev. Judges Hilchetna.
Kamkhosoi, Rev. Korinth I Hilchetna.
Kamkhosoi, Rev. Samuel I & II Hilchetna.
Kapchinlam, P. (1994). Tanglai Zomi Pasal Hatte -- Ancient Heroes of Zomi. Churachandpur, Self Publishing.
Kapkhanthang Khovel Bang Hing Suah Ding?
Khama, S. K. Hattuam Biahinn Kikhop Puihuaitu.
Khamzakhup, S. Na Theisiam Tai Mah?
Khamzalam, U. P. Pslam (Sam) Hilchetna.
Liansuankap, M. (1997). Itna Guitung (Fiction). Churachandpur, Self Publishing.
Mannuanching Zou Custom - Past and Present.
MGP Beginner Bu I &II.
MGP Intermediate Zillai.
MGP Jubior I & II.
MGP Primary.
MGP (1978). Zomi Christian Association (JCA) Silver Jubilee. Churachandpur, Manipur Gam Presbytery.
MGP/MEP, ed. (2004). Jou Christian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir. Churachandpur, Manipur Gam Presbytery and Manipur Eastern Presbytery.
MWCA, Ed. (2000). Leentang Women Christian Association Silver Jubilee Souvenir.
MYCA, Ed. (2001). Kisiamtha Va Ui - 43 Millenium Souvenir 2001, Manipur Young Christian Association.
Nengkhanmang Naupangte Sunday School Zil Ding, Self-publishing.
Nengkhanmang Pasian Thuhing, Self-publishing.
Nengkhanmang, R. Khristian Innsung Nuam.
P.K.Khama, Rev. Hatuam Upate Thuzil Ding.
Rev.Gouzalian Philippi Hilchetna.
S.K. Munlua NaupangteSunday Zilding.
SGM Hundamna Lampi, Scripture Gift Mission.
SGM Vannei Hundampa, Scripture Gift Mission.
Siahzathang (u.d. (Undated)). Zolai Sinna - Zolai Self Instructor, Self Publishing.
Taithul, L. Hebraite Hilchetna.
Taithul, L. Sacrament Thu.
Taithul, L. Suahtatna Loupi Khu.
Thangliankham, Rev. "Biginner Part I - III."
Thangneivah Khristian Numeite Mopuahna.
Tualzachin, Rev. Genesis Hilchetna.
Tualzachin, Rev. Korinth II Hilchetna.
Tunzakaap, H. Egypt apat Kanan Part I & II.
ZCC Hattuam Lamkaite Puitu, Zomi Christian Church.
ZCC, ed. (1998). Tapidaw 40 Chinna Melmu Tongdam. Churachandpur, Zomi Christian Church - Lamka District.
ZIBTC (1983). Pasian Laisiangthou (Holy Bible) incl. Appocrypha.
ZLS. ed. Chiinthu Zaila Bu I & II.
ZWCA, ed. (2000). Numei Manphatna 40 Anniversary Souvenir. Churchandpur, Zomi Women Christian Association.