Saturday, February 09, 2008

ZOMI NAM NI HONG PIANKHIATNA TANGTHU

Zomi Nam Ni pen Tuunkha (February) 20 ni-in kiciamteh hi. Hih ni pen muhna toi tawh hong piangkhia vat hilo-in minam leh gam itna lianpi tawh hong ki penkhia ahi hi. Hih Zomi Nam Ni hong piankhiatna thu pen thuk-in zai-a, zong sang mahmah hi. Hih ni pen Zomite’ adingin suahtakna, ki-it kilemna, minam vai leh cikmah cianga a mangthang ngei nawnlo ding Zomite’ tangthu mungpi khat ahi hi.

Zomite’ adingin Zomi Nam Ni a hong piankhiatna thu tel taka I theihtheih nadingin hih banga a hong piankhiatna tangthu tawmbeek I theihloh kiphamawh hi. Mikang kumpi in ni suahna lam gamte hong keeka, India ciang hong tung ta hi. India panin Kawlgam khanglam teng 1824 kumin hong la hi. 1852 kum tak ciangin Kawlgam phellang hong laaksak khin ta uh hi. 1885 kum ciangin Kawlgam buppi hong nuaisiah uhhi.

Tua hun laitakin Zogam pen ei le ei ki-ukna India leh Kawlgam kikal ah om hi. Zogam in Kumpi neilo-in mi khempeuh kumpi leh nautang kici hi. Ki-ukna Thukhunpi kineilo hi. Hih bangteng pen gamkeek, huang-eu Mikangte in hong muh ciangun Zogam hong sim uh a, kum tampi hong sim khit 1896 ciangin Zogam hong la zo uh a, 1907 ciangin Zomite’ deihna hilo, Mikang kumpi deihna tawh ki-ukna hong bawlsakin Zomi tangpi tangta deihna donglo-a, Zomi leh Zogam uk ding Ukpi (Feudal Chief) hong guan ziau uhhi.

Tua banga hong bawlnate uh kithuak nuam tuan lo-in Kawlgam sunga om minam kimte tawh a kibangin Zomite in Mikangte I dona tangthu ciaptehna-in Zomi Nam Ni hong piankhia ahi hi. Tua tangthu leh-et kik leng:-

1939 kum khit ciangin suahtakna ngah nanga hanciamna hong nasia semsem hi. Zomite’ khuamuhna zong hong zai semsema, Zomi Kipawlkhopna panmunlente in gamkeek Mikang kumpi tung ah anuaia bangin nam 9 na ngen uh hi. Tuata in:

Zogam in Zanggam tawh a kibanga ki-ukna lama phattuamna a ngah nading.
Zogam ki-ukna pen Zomite deihna tawh kizui-a Thukhunpi bawl nang.
Pilna lam, cidamna lam leh sumzuak sumleinate a khantoh nanga puahphat nang.
Zogam pilna sanglam aman langa puahphat nang.
Suakta taka Biakna zuih theih nang.
Zogam lampi kizopna amanlanga hong bawlsak nang.
Zogam leh Zanggam suakta takin kikawm kizop theih nang.
Zomite niman dangte tawh liangko kikima kizop theih nang.
Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah ciangin Zogam in zong a kibanga a ngah pah nang.

ci-in thu nam 9 na ngen uh hi.

Hih atunga ngetna nam 9 te Mikang kumpi in a piak ding sangsikin, hih kipawlna a bei nang hanciam lai hi. Makaiteng zong gamvai (politics) a sep nawn loh nang uh thupia zawsop hi. Ahih hangin mipi-in Mikangte’ vaihawmna a deihlohna uh nakpi takin lakkhia uh ahih manin Kanpetlet pan Mikangte taikhia uh hi.

Kawlgam in Suahtakna I ngah cilin ahi 1949 kum-a ki-at Gambup Thukhunpi tawh kizui-in Paliman (Parliament) a a dawl tungnung leh a nuainung ci-in dei nih om hi. Zomi namte adingin tua Paliman dawl nih aitang palai puak ding hong kuk ta hi. Paliman ah Zomi tangpi tangtate’ lungkimna tawh a kitel palai puak ding ahih hangin Minam kim Palimante ah gamke dangte bangin Ukpite leh Khawk-ukte’ tel palai puak ding maw- cih thu kitelkhiatna hong omta hi. Tua thu siangsak dingin Zomite kimtaka thu kikupkhopna akhatveina Zomi Nambup Khawmpi (Zomi National Conference) Falam khua ah 1948 kum Tuunkha (February) kha 12 ni pan 22 ni dong nasa takin kibawl hi. Tua khawmpi a ni nihni-in Tedim pana Pu Thang Khaw Kai in thukhat sung hi. Tua in –‘Suahtakna ngah ma hun lai-in Zogam ah Gamkeekte’ hong nutsiat gamah hoihlo ahi. Ukpite leh Khawkukte’ hong uk cipna hanga a piang mi zawng tangpi tangta tung ah kilawm kituak lo-a siah donna, kuli vanpuate thaman pia lo-a sawlna, mizawng nautangte in khuasisan luanga a thalawhsa, a sepsa tung ah thuman lo-pia laksakna, a kipan a thuneihnate uh uang zatluatnate’ hangin nakpi takin gentheihna kituak hi. Tua ahihmanin hih Ukpi ngeina tawh ki-ukna a zung natawmin longkhia-a ei le ei suakta taka mipi deih Democracy ngeina tawh ki-uk na’ng cih ahi hi. Tua a thusun pen Falam khua huam Lailun khua pan palai Pu Chun mang leh Kanpetlet pan palai Pu Thang Muang te nih in thukimpih pah uhhi. Tua a thusun thukimpihna mipi vote tawh a khensak uh ciangin mipi 5000 sung pan vote sagih bek in nial-a vote 4993 in thakhat thu-in lungkimpih ahih manin kikipsak pah hi. Hih banga atamzaw thukimna tawh Ukpi ngeina a kibeisak nadingin Zomi nam khempeuh mipi deihna tawh ki-ukna ahi Democracy huihdam kidik kha a, khuamuhna mittang hong keuh ta hi.

Hih banga kikhopna a kibawl khit phetin thuvaihawm pawl in Ukpite a kibeisak manin liauna (compensation) dangka 500,000 piapah hi. Tua dangka pen a zaa lianpen panin a zaa neupen dong 70,000; 20,000; 5000; 1000 leh 100 cih bangin sehhawmsak uhhi. Tua pana kipanin kum tampi a kithuak ki-ukcipna, kigawtna leh Ukpite’ siahkaihna khut nuai pan kisuakta ta hi.

Hih banga Falam khua-a a kibawl khawmpi in gamkeekte’ hong nutsiat gam hoihlo ahi ukpi ngeina tawh ki-ukna a kibeisak bek tham lo-in:

Zomite’ khang tangthu sung ah kithutuah diamdiama Zomi Nam Ni bawl theih denna
Mipi atamzaw deihna tawh ki-ukna ahi Democracy ngeina zatna Suahtakna a ngah cil Kawlgam sunga teeng minam tuamtuamte tawh liangko kikim a, kipumkhatna ngahin I gam a kip den na’ng leh Zomite minam vai lampan deihtaka kipanpihna zong ahi hi.

Gamkeekte’ hong guat gamh hoihlo Ukpi ngeina tawh ki-ukna a beina ni ciapteh na’ng Theinosih kha (February) 20 ni pen Zomi Nambup adingin ni thupi pen ni hi, cih Kawlgam sung bek thamlo leitung buppi in hong theihpih nading deihna tawh 1950 kumin Falam khua ah Zomi Nam Ni nasia takin kibawla, tua lai ah Kumpipa Sao Shwe Thaik leh a pawlte zong na kah uh hi. Hih bang teng ciangin Zomi Nam Ni hong piangkhia ahi hi. Zomi a kici peuhmah in hih ni thupi ni kumsimin bawl dena, a kip tawntung na’ng Zomi khempeuh ii mawhpuak ahi hi.

Tg. Vungh Za Pau

General Secretary, ZNC

Laaksawnna:

1. [Zomi Beacon, Premier Issue 1995/1. pp.114-118. Published by Publicity Department/ZRO, Lamka, Zogam, 1995 A.D.]

Thursday, February 07, 2008

ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GOVERNOR OF MANIPUR, SHRI SHIVINDER SINGH SIDHU TO THE MANIPUR LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ON 16-03-2007.

SUMMARY LIST OF GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS

Hon'ble Speaker and Hon'ble Members of the august House,

It gives me great pleasure in welcoming you to the First Session of the 9th Manipur Legislative Assembly. I take this opportunity to convey my greetings for the New Year to you all and to the people of Manipur. I am sure that this year will see Manipur moving further on the road to peace and prosperity.

I would also request all the Hon'ble Members to join me in paying homage to all those security forces personnel and civilians who have lost their lives in the mindless violence perpetrated by the extremist during the last year.

Manipur has made considerable socio-economic development. The State has done well in the spheres of sports and youth affairs, art and culture and education. However, the pace of development of infrastructure has been slow, which is the main factor responsible for slow economic growth. The economy continues to be predominantly agrarian even now, due to lack of industrialization and non-development of the tertiary sector. Inadequate employment opportunities in the organized sectors, both public and private, have contributed towards the problem of unemployment, particularly for the educated youth. The future belongs to the youth, and it will be the endeavor of my Government to tackle the issues presently confronting them.

2. The State finances have improved considerably during the last two years with enhanced central devolutions to the State Government under the recommendations of the Twelfth Finance Commission. As a result of the State Government's better management of debt, expenditure and cash flow, the State Government did not resort to overdraft or utilize ways and means advance facility during the year.

2.1. The State Government has been on the fiscal correction path and would achieve the targets envisaged under the Manipur Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
Management Act. The fiscal deficit has been brought down from Rs. 449.31 crores in 2004-05 to Rs. 107.82 crores in Budget Estimates, 2006-07. The Government has also been able to maintain revenue surplus during the current year. Since the Government was able to achieve the fiscal targets, the Centre provided debt waiver grant of Rs. 37.54 crores each for the years 2005-06 and 2006-07.

3. The size of the Annual Plan 2006-07 for the State, which was fixed at Rs.1160.00 crores, has been increased to Rs.1183.67 crores with additional allocation of Rs. 23.67 crores from the various Central Ministries in respect of Border Area Development Programme (BADP), National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), Control of Shifting Cultivation, Flood Control and Tribal Development. Pending the finalization of Annual Plan 2007-08, sectoral allocation for a tentative outlay of Rs. 900.00 crores has been provided in the budget, 2007-08. The allocation is tentative and subject to changes when the size for Annual Plan 2007 -08 is finalized.

3.1 The Ministry of DoNER has so far approved 76 projects with financial support of Rs.674.80 crores since 1998-99, of which 15 projects with a total estimated cost of Rs. 118.50 crores were sanctioned during 2006-07. Rs. 467.13 crores has been released from Non Lapsable Central Pool of Resources (NLCPR) for 62 projects against which the State Government has utilized Rs.375.21 crores.

3.2. The State Government is implementing 37 schemes under NEC plan. During the current year, State has received Rs.12.30 crores so far for these NEC schemes.
3.3 During 2006-07, Ministry of Home Affairs has allocated Rs.12.50 crores, of which Rs. 7.50 crores are for general BADP and Rs. 5.00 crores for specific area schemes. The Proposed outlay for BADP in 2007-08 is Rs.18.75 crores which is a 50% increase over the current year outlay. Proposed outlay for the XIth Plan for BADP is Rs. 93.75 crores. Villages within 15 kilometres from the international border are being given priority and focus is on infrastructure development works. Economic development activities will be taken up through a participatory approach with village community contribution of 100% for selected activities.

4. Security and law and order issues have continued to pose a major challenge to the State Government and its development initiatives. Competing social, economic and political interests also generated a number of emotive issues, several of which led to violent and disruptive agitation during 2006, especially in the run-up to the State Assembly elections. However, despite the wide array of forces inimical to security and maintenance of law and order, the State Government has been able to respond effectively and maintain public order. The relatively peaceful elections to the State Assembly, the enthusiastic participation of the electorate and the distinct resistance of the people to attempts by vested interests to manipulate the elections are all positive signals. The people of Manipur and the electorate deserve to be congratulated for their commitment to democracy and India's constitutional frame work.

4.1. Be that as it may, the overall security scenario is still a matter of great concern and the people continue to be subjected to intimidatory and extortionist activities of various insurgent groups and unlawful outfits. In order to counter these activities the State has responded firmly. During the year 2006 and 2007 (till January) as many as 842 extremists belonging to various militant outfits were arrested and 112 extremists killed, while 171 assorted weapons were recovered from the extremists along with 1906 assorted ammunitions, 79 hand grenades, 17 bombs, 314 detonators, 48 lethod bombs, 9.4 kg of explosive materials and 12 W/T Sets. During this period, 87 persons including extremists belonging to various militant groups were detained under National Security Act and 21 extremists belonging to various outfits surrendered to the Government authority. Investigation of cases have shown considerable improvement during this period and 2380 cases were disposed.

4.2. It is also a matter of satisfaction that the 3-tier Unified Command Structure, established to synergize counter insurgency operations of State and Central Government agencies, has worked cohesively and effectively. Counter-insurgency operations conducted and coordinated action taken through this mechanism has put the insurgent groups and the unlawful outfits under considerable pressure. Bases and camps of militants in Churachandpur, Chandel and Tamenglong Districts have been dismantled to a considerable extent thereby leading to functioning of NH-53 and the establishment of civil administration in sub-divisions of Churachandpur District and in the interior areas of
Chandel District.

4.3. My Government remains committed to ensure that these initiatives are sustained and intensified in order to enable steady and qualitative improvement in the security environment of Manipur. At the same time, the State Government is equally aware that peace can be achieved only through resolution of issues and redressal of grievances both real and perceived. As such, the State Government is always open to dialogue on all issues with all insurgent groups and is willing to work towards a settlement within the frame work of the Indian Constitution and without compromising the territorial integrity of the State of Manipur.

4.4. It is also heartening that the modernization of the Manipur Police continues to receive priority and that the financial support from the Central Government has picked up substantially due to better implementation. As against cumulative Central support of Rs. 52.64 crores during the last six years, a plan outlay of Rs. 20.21 crores is available in 2006-07. These initiatives have upgraded weaponry, mobility, equipment and communications. Mobility has increased with the addition of 295 Non-BP vehicles and 28 BP vehicles. Wireless communication has improved with the addition of 693 wireless sets, installation of Digital Trunking System and connectivity of all the District headquarters under the POLNET scheme. High priority has been given to the weapons and bulletproof items in the form of jackets, patkas, and morchas. Special emphasis has been given to the construction of infrastructure at police stations.

4.5 A major initiative has been taken to strengthen the Manipur Police Force by injecting young blood through a direct recruitment drive at different levels of police functioning. The 4th India Reserve Battalion has been operationalised and the recruitment process for 5th and 6th India Reserve Battalions has been completed. In order to meet the security imperatives of districts, the target is for establishment of one IR Battalion in each of the districts, subject to Central support.

5. Public Works Department has taken up large scale improvement of road networks with fund provided under One Time Additional Central Assistance/Special Plan Assistance (ACA/SPA) giving emphasis to roads connecting the District & Sub-Divisional headquarters. A sum of Rs. 101.67 crores has been earmarked for improvement of road networks in the state during the financial year, 2006-07. Department has also taken up maintenance/ improvement of roads with funds provided under 12th Finance Commission. Construction of nine major bridges under NLCPR has also been taken up with funds provided by the Ministry of DoNER.

5.1 Improvement of Churachandpur-Singhat road at the cost of Rs. 27.32 crores and Singngat-Sinzawl-Tuivai road at the cost of Rs.82.52 crores are in progress with funds provided by the North Eastern Council. Proposal has also been submitted to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India for converting the stretch from Mao to Imphal of NH-39 into a four-lane highway.

5.2 My Government has taken up works for construction of Administrative Complexes at the District and at the Additional Deputy Commissioner headquarters with funds sanctioned under SPA. It has also taken up improvement of the Manipur Bhawan in Delhi and construction of new Bhavan at Guwahati with funds provided under SPA.
6. The power supply of the State depends upon the Central Sector Generating Stations located in the North Eastern Region. The present power demand of the State during evening peak and day time peak periods are 145 MW and 80 MW respectively. Keeping in view the shortage of power in the State, my Government has given priority to construction of its own power plants. Investigations of Irang Hydro Electric Project with 60 MW capacity and Tuivai Hydro Electric Project with 51 MW capacity have been taken up under North Eastern Council funding. These two projects have been included in the National Action Plan as State Sector Projects. Under the Central Sector scheme, the Tipaimukh Hydro Electric Project with 1500 MW capacity is being taken up. Under the Joint Venture of the State and NHPC, Loktak Down Stream Hydro Electric Project with 66 MW capacity is also being taken up.

6.1 At present, the highest transmission voltage level in Manipur is 132 KV. My Government has proposed to have 220 KV System in Manipur. New Constructions and Upgradations of existing 132 KV Sub-stations and also construction of a number of 33 KV Sub-stations have been taken up under different programmes. System Improvements of the Sub-transmission System of (i) Greater Imphal, (ii) Thoubal, (iii) Bishnupur and (iv) Churachandpur are also being taken up under Accelerated Power Development and

Reforms Programme.

6.2 Under the National Action Plan, all the villages are to be electrified by year 2009 and electricity to all Below Poverty Line (BPL) households is to be provided by 2012. My Government has achieved 83.7% village electrification by electrifying 1942 villages (based on 2001 census). Electrification of villages are being taken up under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) on turn-key basis so that all the villages of the State are electrified by 2009.

7. The present drinking water demand for Imphal city and its suburbs has been assessed at 109 MLD (million litres per day) against the present installed capacity of 83.30 MLD with the actual production of about 70 MLD. In order to bridge the gap between the demand and the production, my Government has taken up new sub-projects at Irilbung, Canchipur and Potsangbam with the capacity to provide 6.81 MLD each. The works are in good progress and would be commissioned within a short time. Improvement works of the existing Ningthempukhri Water Supply scheme and Chinga Water Supply Scheme have also been taken up. For improvement of the existing distribution system, laying of additional pipelines from Maharani bridge to Singjamei, construction of Zonal Reservoir at Keisampat and Overhead Tank near Assembly have been completed and commissioned. The Overhead Tank at Keisampat is also nearing completion.

7.1 There are 29 towns in the State of Manipur having a total population of 3.79 lakhs. Out of the 29 towns, sanctions for 26 towns have been accorded for extending water supply up to the urban standard of 70 litre per capita per day (LPCD). So far, water supply systems in 13 towns have been upgraded and five more towns are being covered during 2006-07.

7.2 In order to provide safe drinking water supply and sanitation to the rural areas of the state, various rural schemes have been taken up under the State and the Central Plan Funds. Out of the 2873 habitations, 1068 habitations have been fully covered, 1085 habitations are partially covered and 720 habitations are yet to be covered. During the year 2006-07, 40 habitations under State Plan and 108 habitations under Central Plan have been covered. In order to improve the sanitary condition of lmphal City, Sewerage Project with French Assistance with an estimated cost of Rs.134. 75 crores has also been started.

7.3. Further, under the NLCPR, seven water supply schemes in five hill Districts Head Quarters and nine schemes in other important centers in the hills and one major scheme at Waithoupat in valley area have been taken up. Out of these 17 schemes, four Water Supply Schemes in Ukhrul, Churchandpur Zone-II, Tamenglong and Chandel Districts have been commissioned.

8. Due to efforts of my Government the cropping intensity has been increased to 132.7% during 2006-07 from 118% in previous year. The food grain production during the year 2006-07 was 5.54 lakhs tonnes. To increase the production of Rice, two high yielding varieties namely GINPHOU and PARIPHOU were released to the farmers. One Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and one Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) were also established during the year for dissemination of Agricultural Technology to the farmers. As a part of farm mechanization under Macro Management Mode of Agriculture, 5,416 improved agricultural implements and machinery were distributed at subsidized rates.

8.1. To tap the large potential areas available for development of Horticulture in the State, Department of Horticulture & Soil Conservation continues to take up schemes for horticulture and soil and water conservation programmes under the State Plan, NEC and Centrally Sponsored Schemes. During 2006-07 under the State Plan, 300 tonnes certified seed potatoes were produced from the Regional Potato Farm, Mao. Within the same farm various infrastructure like Tissue Culture Laboratory, Green House and Virus Culture Laboratory were constructed with NEC funds. Under the horticulture development programmes, 4337 hectares were covered with plantation of fruits, vegetables, spices and flowers.

8.2 A total of 6,000 hectares has been treated under the scheme of Watershed Development Project for shifting Cultivation Area and another 11,628 hectares have also been treated under the scheme of National Watershed Development Project for Rain-fed Areas. For farm mechanization 38 power tillers, 50 diesel water pump sets and 84 manually operated sprayers were made available to the farmers at subsidized rates during Kharif 2006.

9. The State has achieved annual production of 80,000 tonnes milk, 24,000 tonnes meat and 8.60 crores eggs during 2006-07. The Government is targeting to increase the annual production to the level of 85,000 tonnes milk, 26,000 tonnes meat and 9.00 crores eggs during the year 2007 -08. My Government will also strengthen Animal Health Coverage Programme to immunize the entire 5.15 lakhs bovine population and 4.14 lakhs swine population of the State.

10. The State produced 18,500 tonnes of table fish and 120 million fish seeds during the year 2006-07. The targets for 2007-08 are 19,200 tonnes of table fish and 125 million fish seeds. For improvement of infrastructure for fishermen, three jetties are being constructed on the banks of the Loktak Lake with loan from NABARD and the work is nearing completion. A Giant Fresh Water Prawn Hatchery is being established at Imphal with Central assistance. 1.30 lakh seeds of giant fresh water prawn have also been distributed in the State. In order to introduce better technology and more eco-friendly fishing equipment, 38 Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) boats were distributed to fishermen at subsidized costs. More FRP boats will be fabricated and more persons trained in the technique during 2007-08. Welfare of fishermen is also continued to be taken care of by providing them low cost houses, community halls and tanks under the National Fund for Welfare of Fishermen Scheme. Efforts are also being made to increase the production of indigenous varieties of fish like "pengba" and "ngaton" through hypophysation program.

11. My Government has taken up Poverty Alleviation, and Rural Development Programmes in the rural areas of the State. 336 numbers of Self-Help Groups have been formed and are implementing selfemployment programmes under Swarnajayenti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). Four Special Projects under SGSY have also been taken up in Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Tamenglong Districts. 8.79 lakhs mandays have been generated under SGRY. Under National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, 45,172 persons have been given wage employment in Tamenglong District where the scheme is being implemented at present.

11.1 Under the scheme of Rural Housing, (Indira Awas Yojana) 1444 numbers of houses have been constructed for the BPL households and 745 numbers of houses have been upgraded. Under PMGSY Phase-V, construction of 48 new Rural Roads (455 Km) and up-gradation of 11 existing roads (100 Km) have been taken up with a total financial involvement of Rs. 152.33 crores for providing road connectivity to 93 habitations.

11.2 Under Bharat Nirman, proposal for construction of new roads (953 Km) and for up-gradation of existing roads (219 Km) to provide connectivity to 138 habitations at a cost of Rs. 350.00 crores has been submitted to the Government of India.

11.3 Steps have been taken to effectively devolve the powers and functions to the Zilla Parishads and Gram Panchayats in accordance with the Memorandum of Understanding signed between the State Govt. and Union Government on 5th October, 2006. The State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) has given training in various courses to 2,698 representatives and officials from Panchayati Raj Institutions.

12. In order to protect and preserve the rich natural resources, my Government has taken up a number of conservation measures. Habitats at Keibul Lamjao National Park and Yangoupokpi Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary have been maintained, protected and improved with resources from the state as well as grants from the Central Government. Buning Wildlife Sanctuary, Zeilad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaihlam Wildlife Sanctuary, Jiri-Makru Wildlife Sanctuary, Dzuko Wildlife Sanctuary and Shiroy National Park have been notified for creating more natural habitats and better management of wildlife and its habitat in the state.

12.1. To bring more areas under forest cover, my Government has taken up massive plantations with active participation of the local people under Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) of Forest Development Agencies. Under this CSS an area of 70,574 hectares has been covered with plantation through 283 Joint Forest Management Committees. Further, to ward off adverse impact of gregarious bamboo flowering in few districts, preventive measures have been taken up under Special Plan Assistance of the state and grants from Government of India. My Government has also taken up plantation over 1,105 hectares under Social Forestry and Economic Plantation schemes. 6.30 lakh seedlings have also been distributed free of cost. To check further degradation of Loktak Lake and to restore it to its pristine glory, my Government has implemented a number of schemes through the Loktak Development Agency.

12.2. In order to prevent pollution of air, water and soil, my Government has taken

up a number of measures through the Manipur Pollution Control Board. My Government has also taken up various Eco-development programmes through the Ecology & Environment Wing. Improvement and beautification of Kangla, Luwangsangbam Biodiversity Park, and Road Median Plantation in Imphal City have been completed.
13. The Irrigation and Flood Control Department is committed to the development of assured irrigation in the state by constructing Major and Medium Irrigation and Multipurpose projects. There are three ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation Projects, namely Khuga Multipurpose Project, Thoubal Multipurpose Project and Dolaithabi Barrage Project. Khuga Project is scheduled to be completed in 2007. Thoubal Project and Dolaithabi Barrage Projects are targeted to be completed during 2008-09. Adequate funds are being provided through State Plan and AIBP for these projects.

13.1 Apart from the normal or emergency flood control activities, the IFC Department has taken up 11 flood control schemes, including four Major Schemes namely, Nambul River Flood Control Project Phase-IV, Govinda Sena Flood Control Project, Flood Control Scheme of Thoubal River and Flood Control Scheme of Nambol River.

13.2 The role of Minor Irrigation is to provide assured irrigation facility during pre-Kharif season and also to provide supplemental irrigation in Kharif season. Till now, the department had created 56,686 hectares of irrigation potential. A project consisting of 211-M.I. Surface Schemes at a cost of Rs.28.00 crores had been sanctioned by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India in the year 2005-06 to create an ultimate irrigation potential of 9389 hectares. A sum of Rs. 24.00 crores has been incurred on this project and the project shall be completed in 2007.

13.3. Construction of field channels in 3,600 hectares in the Command areas of (i) Singda Dam Project in Imphal West District, (ii) Cluster of eight M.I. Projects covering some parts of Ukhrul, Senapati, Thoubal, Chandel, Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts and (iii) Cluster of eighty six M.I. Projects was achieved by my Government during 2006-07 with an expenditure of Rs. 5.58 crores under the Command Area Development Programme. A target of 7,720 hectares has been set for the year 2007-08 under the Command Area Development and Water Management Programme and 2,500 hectares under Bharat Nirman for construction of field channels.

14. Several new initiative have been taken by the Food & Civil Supplies Department to ensure adequate food supply and to maximize stability of the supply of essential commodities especially in remote areas and to secure access to these supplies by the needy people.

14.1. Under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), the FCS Department procured 59,924 tonnes of rice, 5,803 tonnes of levy sugar and 6,291 tonnes of wheat from the central pool and distributed to the identified beneficiaries of Above Poverty Line (APL), Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) categories. Further, under the Annapurna Scheme, 1,030 tonnes of rice were distributed free of cost to 8,590 beneficiaries entitled to National Old Age Pension Scheme but not covered by the Scheme during 2006-2007.

14.2. In order to protect the right of the consumers in the State, the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission and three District Consumer Fora have been re-activated w.e.f. 27th Sept. 2006 and these are regularly taking up cases for redressal of consumer grievances. Four more District Fora Courts at Chandel, Churachandpur, Tamenglong and Senapati will be constituted during the year 2007-08.

14.3. As an e-Governance initiative, the CONFONET programme shall be implemented during the year 2007-08 to redress consumer grievances and monitor delivery of TPDS items to the public. For proper stocking of foodgrains and other commodities at District Headquarters, the State Government has sought central support to construct godown of 2,500 tonnes capacity each at four hill District Headquarters during the year 2007-08.

15. Human Resource is the most precious resource of all and education is the gateway to it. As such my Government is committed to get all the children of this state obtain education under the zero rejection policy in conformity with the constitutional obligation. Under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), free textbooks worth Rs. 3.9 crores have been provided to 2.82lakhs SC/ST and girl students. Aids and Appliances are also being distributed to the 7411 children with special needs. My government is recruiting special teachers in addition to the regular teachers to teach physically challenged children.

Special recruitment of 663 Graduate Teachers including Science Graduate Teachers with Mathematics, Biology and General Science has been made to cope up with the requirement of Science Teachers in the hill areas of the State. Under the Adult Education Programme, Total Literacy Campaign has been implemented in eight districts benefiting 1,55,030 adult learners.

15.1 My government is implementing the Mid-Day-Meal Scheme upto the level of primary stage.

15.2 With the provision of Rs.21.00 crores under the Special Plan Assistance (SPA), construction of 50 Junior High Schools, High Schools, and Higher Secondary Schools in the hills and rural areas, 80 residential type-III quarters for Science and Mathematics teachers, one girls' hostel, Science Laboratories and upgradation of Ukhrul Higher Secondary School and Higher Secondary School at Senapati HQ have been taken up. In addition, construction of additional classrooms of 19 High and Higher Secondary Schools has also been taken up at the cost of Rs.4.25 crores under the State Plan.

15.3. The Manipur Institute of Technology (MIT), a constituent college of Manipur University, with an intake capacity of 115 offers four years Bachelor Degree in Engineering Courses. The Government of India has agreed to upgrade the Manipur Institute of Technology into National Institute of Technology which will give a big boost to technical education in the State.

16. To ensure that the benefits of e-Governance reach the citizen in every corner of Manipur, the State Government has prepared a Project proposal for setting up the Manipur State Wide Area Network (SWAN) under the National e-Governance Plan (NEGP) which will establish leased line connectivity between the State capital and the District and Sub-Divisional/Block HQs, covering 49 locations in the State. The SWAN project, at an estimated cost of Rs. 63.14 crores, prepared in association with National Informatics Centre have been submitted to Govt. of India for approval and sanction.

16.1. The Manipur Science & Technology Council (MASTEC) has been taking up research projects and technology demonstration projects for local applications. The Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre (MARSAC) has contributed immensely to the use of accurate spatial data in the form of maps and Geographic Information Systems. The satellite imageries are also used for preparation of Town Planning projects in Imphal city. An updated Wasteland map has also been completed during the year.

16.2. The Manipur Renewable Energy Development Agency (MANIREDA) is making all out effort to provide electricity to 39 unelectrified villages of Manipur by Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems, along with 5,000 Solar lanterns and 2,300 SPV home lighting systems. Three Wind-cum-Solar Hybrid Demonstration projects are in progress. The Manipur State Policy on Renewable Energy has been adopted on 18th September 2006.

17. My Government has been taking up different schemes and programmes for the promotion and preservation of the rich cultural heritage of the State. A new State Central Library building is under construction. The first phase being taken up during 2006-07 will cost Rs. 60.00 lakhs. District Libraries have also been constructed in Senapati, Churachandpur, Imphal East and Imphal West Districts. The Manipur State Art Gallery has already been constructed at a cost of Rs. 38.00 lakhs and was inaugurated during 2006-07. The 5th and 6th Manipur Film Festivals were organized during the current year in a befitting manner. My Government has made special efforts to develop and beautify Kangla.

18. My Government has been implementing a number of schemes relating to sports and youth activities in the State such as organizing tournaments, coaching in various sport disciplines including physical fitness programmes, youth activities, award of cash incentives to the outstanding sports persons, financial assistance to sports associations and development of sports infrastructure including development of playgrounds in the rural areas. In the National level Tournaments, the State School Team won Champion's Trophy in Football under 19 years Girls, Handball under 17 years Boys and Girls in the National School Games which were held at Imphal in January this year. In Swimming, Diving and in Water Polo Competitions which were held in Goa in February, 2007, the State Team secured 3 Gold, 1 Silver medals and 4th Position respectively.

18.1. The State Team was declared Overall Champion by securing 24 Gold, 32 Silver and 24 Bronze medals in the North East Sports Festival held in Sikkim from 24th to 27th February, 2007.

18.2. In the 33rd National Games which were held at Guwahati, Assam from 9th to 18th February, 2007, the State Team was declared as "Runners-up" with title of the "Best Team" amongst the States of the country securing 51 Gold, 32 Silver and 40 Bronze medals. My Government is proud of the achievements of the State Athletes and Players in the 33rd National Games and in appreciation of their achievements, hundred percent enhancement of the cash incentives has been made.

18.3. In individual events, the State Women pugilists, Mrs. M.C.Mary Kom and Miss L.Sarita Devi were declared World Champions in their respective weight categories in the 4th World Championship held in New Delhi. In recognition of their outstanding achievements, both of them have been given out of turn promotion to the rank of Inspectors of Police.

18.4. In the National Youth Festival held at Pune from 12th to 14th January, 2007, the State Contingent bagged two 2nd positions in Classical Manipuri Dance and Classical Vocal (Solo) items. Mrs. N. Neelima Devi of Chandel District and Mrs. Salam Bijeta of Bishnupur have been conferred the National Youth Award 2005-06 in a function held in New Delhi in January, 2007.

18.5. Considering the over all achievements of the State Players, my Government has decided to improve the quality of sports equipment and infrastructure as well as training facilities so that they may perform better in the next National Games to be held at Jharkhand. Initially, a sum of Rs. 5.00 crores is being provided for the procurement of latest equipment in 2007-08.

19. To strengthen Revenue Administration, my Government has taken measures to set up Computerized Land Record Centres at the Directorate of Settlement & land Records and in the offices of Deputy Commissioner (Bishnupur) and Deputy Commissioner (Thoubal). Steps are also taken up for Computerization of Property Registration at Imphal West and Bishnupur with an investment of Rs.18.76 Iakhs and for Digitization of Land Records of 372 villages at a total cost of Rs.76.00 lakhs. The Computerization of Offices of Sub-Deputy Collectors of Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur Circles in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, Manipur State Unit, at a total cost of Rs.35.00 lakhs has also been taken up. My Government has established offices of Additional Deputy Commissioner at Pherzawl in Churachandpur District and Sub-Divisional Office at Tengnoupal in order to bring administration closer to the people living in remote areas.

20. Special emphasis has been accorded by the State Health Department to strengthen both Urban & Rural Health Infrastructures by sourcing additional funds from DoNER and NEC. During 2006-07, DoNER has approved Rs. 71.40 Crores and released Rs. 22.49 Crores for construction of Five 50-Bedded District Hospitals at Tamenglong, Senapati, Ukhrul, Chandel and Jiribam. In addition, DoNER has released a sum of Rs. 2.99 Crores for equipping the District Hospitals in the State. NEC has approved schemes totaling Rs. 13.40 Crores specifically for improvement of J.N.Hospital and District Hospital, Churachandpur as well as for Construction of a Nursing School with Hostel at Imphal. For providing accommodations for Doctors and Paramedical staff int he Hill Districts, a sum fo Rs. 18.01 Crores has been provided under SPA in the Annual Plan 2006-07.

20.1 For propoer staffing of the Hospitals and health institutions in the State, the State Govt. created 877 posts against which 607 paramedical and other staff have been appointed during the current year.

20.2 My Government is deeply concerned with the prevailing incidence of HIV/AIDS, a major health concern in the State today. Accordingly, the Manipur State AIDS Control Society has been implementing various programmes for prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS. Harm reduction is integrated with care component under “Rapid Intervention and Care” (RIAC) Project. Adequate focus is given to the IEC campaigns and social advocacy programmes. Anti retroviral drugs are given to the needy patients at the four ART Centres at J.N.Hospital, Imphal, RIMS, Imphal, District Hospital Churachandpur and District Hospital, Ukhrul. A fifth ART Centre is being opened at District Hospital, Thoubal by the end of March 2007 for which National AIDS Control Organisation has already conveyed approval.

20.3.The packages of services under the Family Welfare Programme are provided at Primary Health Sub-Centres, Primary Health Centres and Rural Family Welfare Centres, CHCs, and District Hospitals. The Government has successfully implemented two rounds of Intensified Pulse Polio Immunisation (IPPI) throughout the State in Jan-Feb 2007 as part of the national campaign for eradication of Polio.

20.4. Implementation of NRHM has already started in full swing in the State under the control, monitoring and guidance of a fully functional State Health Mission Society. Staff for the State Program Management Unit & District Program Management Units for all nine Districts have been already recruited on contractual basis and have started functioning.

21. Under the National Old Age Pension Scheme, the Department of Social Welfare provided benefits to 43,619 existing Old age pensioners of the State during 2006-07. In addition, 26,907 old age pensioners will also be assisted during 2006-07 under Manipur Old Age Pension Scheme. The Government of India had already released Rs. 10.47 Crores for payment of Rs.200 per pensioner per month during 2006-07 under the National Old Age Pension Scheme. Under the National Family Benefit Scheme an amount of Rs.1.94 Crores will be released during 2006-07 to benefit 2700 beneficiaries.

21.1. The Manipur State Commission for Women has started functioning from October 2006. The Department also opened a Manipur State Guest House at Vellore for providing safe accommodation to the patients and attendants visiting Christian Medical College Hospital at Vellore for medical treatment.

21.2. Four new ICDS Projects in hill areas and an additional 3138 Anganwadi Centres were opened during 2006-07 in addition to the existing 34 ICDS Projects and 4501 Anganwadi Centres.

22. Handlooms continue to occupy the most extensive space in the State's industrial economy. 1,590 weavers and 495 Co-operative Societies were assisted under various Central Sponsored Schemes implemented by the State Government. A Food Park with a project cost of Rs. 13.60 crores is coming up at Nilakuthi with Central Government's assistance and NABARD's loan under RIDF. The State Government has so far contributed Rs. 2.72 crores for the project.

22.1. With a share of 14 % of the total growing stock of the country, Manipur stands to greatly benefit from the National Programme for Bamboo development. The Department of Commerce & Industries has made preparations for setting up of a Bamboo Technology Park at Jiribam. The National Mission on Bamboo Applications has agreed in principle to support the project.

22.2. For self-employment and skill development of manpower the State Government has sponsored 1,521 candidates under the Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana, Further, 1,023 artisans and prospective entrepreneurs have been trained in various trades within and outside the State.

22.3. Due to special efforts of my Government, the Manipur Sericulture Project is making good progress and benefiting 37,608 individuals with an expanded coverage of 27,879 hectares of land. 789.33 tonnes of cocoons of Mulberry and Eri were produced and sold in four Melas. 277.69 tonnes of silk yarn were also produced which has made a strong economic impact in the rural areas of the State. Six Cocoon Storage and Drying Facilities in the six districts and fifteen Technical Service Centres in cluster villages have also been constructed.

23. Transport Department is an important revenue earning Department and till December, 2006 the Department collected a sum of Rs.2.93 crores in the current financial year. The Department implements Motor Vehicle Act and Rules, Road Safety measures, regulation of traffic in consultation with Traffic Police. Steps are also being taken for the introduction of High Security Registration Plates.

24. The Municipal Administration Housing & Urban Development Department (MAHUD) is making serious effort to develop urban infrastructure in the State. My Government has undertaken major urban infrastructure projects with 100% Central assistance from the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The ‘B.T. Road Flyover’ has been completed and construction of 100-Bedded Hospital, Thoubal is making good progress. The construction of Thoubal Markets - A & B and Retaining Wall at Thoubal Market - A are being taken up.

24.1. Construction of Ima Market, New Market, Lakshmi Market, Jiribam Market and Market-cum-Multi-Utility Centre at Wangjing with 100% Central assistance from the Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation has been taken up. Slum Up-gradation projects at Iroishemba & Lamboikhongnangkhong, Ningthoukhong, Thoubal Athokpam Phase-I, Langthabal Kunja Awang Leikai, Lamdeng, Thoubal Athokpam Phase-II and Sugnu have also been taken up with the funds from Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, out of which four works have already been completed.

24.2. Augmentation of the Street Lighting in the District Head Quarters and ADC Head Quarters in the State with Rs. 6.00 crores have been taken up under Additional Central Assistance (ACA) during the current year.

24.3. Imphal City has been included in the list of cities which are to be provided assistance from Government of India under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The City Development Plan (CDP) for Imphal City with a total estimated cost of Rs. 1872.00 crores has been prepared and approved by the Ministry of Urban Development Government of India for which Detailed Project Report (DPR) is under preparation for submission to the Government of India so as to enable it to get funds under JNNURM.

25. The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Manipur has been acting as a Nodal Agency for all Statistical activities in Manipur. The main Surveys conducted by the Directorate during 2006-07 are (i) Survey of Employment and Un-Employment, (ii) Survey of Manufacturing Enterprises, (iii) Consumer Expenditure Survey, (iv) Crop Estimation Survey. The Directorate prepared twenty six Statistical Reports during 2006-07 and eleven of such reports have been released.

26. Cooperative Department with 5592 registered Cooperative Societies are taking the leading roles for the upliftment of economic conditions of the people especially of the rural areas in the State. Extension of credit facilities to the farmers through primary agricultural credit cooperatives is the major scheme taken up by the department at present.

26.1. My Government, through the Manipur State Cooperative Bank, is implementing one of the most important schemes in the State, namely, Special Employment Generation Programme. This scheme will enable the educated unemployed youths to establish their own income generating projects.

27. Elections to 9th Manipur Legislative Assembly were held in three phases. Polls were distinguished by a massive turnout of voters. Average voter turnout was recorded at 85.14% despite inclement weather in the first two phases of the poll, with difficult terrain and movement in hill villages. Arrangements for conduct of poll at the polling stations particularly those located in the hill areas had to be made in extremely difficult circumstances. For the first time, Central Para Military Forces (CPMF) as exclusively deployed to provide security at the Polling Stations during these elections. Elections were also distinguished by the fact that EVMs having the facility of recording the date and start and closure time of the poll were used for the first time in the country.

28. The development programmes for SC & ST are being taken up under (i) State Plan (including Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan and Article 275(i) of the Constitution), (ii) Central Sponsored Schemes and (iii) Central Plan Schemes. During the current financial year, the department is assisting 2,082 ST families under the various family oriented programmes. Post Matric Scholarship has been given to 20,806 ST and 240 SC students. The Department is also taking up construction of Inter-Village roads, Community halls, bridges, School buildings and Marketing sheds. The Department is taking up necessary action for protection of SC/ST people through provision of Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.

28.1. My Government has appointed adequate number of teachers for Primary Schools under the District Councils. The State Government has extended pensionary benefits to the employees under the District Councils. Further, under the Special Plan Assistance, Rs. 3.00 crores has been provided to improve the school buildings.

29. The Department of Minorities and Other Backward Classes has taken up various income generating schemes for economic development. During the current year, 2006-07, a sum of Rs. 3.90 crores has been sanctioned to take up various schemes under Economic Development Programme (EDP) and 3943 families have been benefited. For improving and upgrading the skills for self-employment, various training courses are undertaken under Skill Development Programme to benefit 340 trainees at a cost of Rs. 55.40 lakhs.

29.1. In order to improve the standard of education of OBC students, Post and Pre-Matric Scholarships are awarded to poor OBC students. Under Remedial Coaching Scheme, 550 minority students from Class VI-XII were given free coaching in English, Science and Mathematics for which a sum of Rs. 11.40 lakhs has been spent.
29.2. To enhance the representation of OBCs in the Government jobs and in the admission in professional institutes, the State Government, on the recommendations of the Manipur State Commission for Other Backward Classes, has made reservation policy for OBCs and has reserved 17% of the government jobs and seats for admission in professional courses for the OBCs.

30. The State Govt. takes care of the labourers in the state by enforcing the labour laws to protect the interests of workers. In view of the increasing price index, my Government has revised the minimum wages for all categories of workers.

30.1. In order to provide technical skills to the youth under the Prime Minister's Special Package for the North East States, five new ITls have been set up at Chandel, Tamenglong, Ningthoukhong, Kakching and Imphal East while four existing ITls namely, ITI, Imphal (Takyel), Women ITI, Imphal, ITI Saikot and ITI Senapati are being strengthened. One new ITI costing Rs. 4.30 crores is being set up at Ukhrul during 2006-07 and the construction work is in progress. The total intake capacity for all ITls in the State is 1340 seats.

31. The State Academy of Training conducted 17 Training Courses on Computer Appreciation for the Government officials. During the fiscal year, fifteen Courses on Disaster Management and one Course on RTI Act were conducted.

32. During the period from 1st January, 2006 to 28th February, 2007, the State Vigilance Commission has registered 22 inquiry cases and 126 preliminary/verification cases. Based on the findings of the preliminary enquiry, 26 FIR cases were registered out of which the accused officials in 5 cases were charge-sheeted. Further, major penalty proceedings were recommended in respect of 15 cases and minor penalty in respect of 7 cases. 82 cases were closed as the charges could not be substantiated during the course of inquiry.

33. To create awareness about the policies and development programmes and achievements of the Government, the Department of Information and Public Relations has been organizing Multi-Media Publicity Campaign in all Districts of Manipur. Recently, the Department has opened a North Eastern Council Information Cell to disseminate the various developmental activities taken up by the Council. The Department has been bringing out various publications highlighting the achievements and activities undertaken by the Government. Its publications such as Government Calendar and Diary, Manipur Today and other special issues have been published regularly.

34. My Government shall continue to place emphasis on the development of Tourism. Special thrust has been given to new initiatives on Eco-Tourism and Adventure-Tourism. An Eco-Tourism Park at a cost of Rs. 3.56 crores is being set up at the foothills of the Nongmaiching.

Hon’ble Speaker and Members of the august House, while addressing the First Session of the new year, I have presented before you, in brief, the highlights of some of the activities undertaken by my Government during the last one year and outlined policy, perspective and programmes that my Government proposes to implement during the coming years. While concluding, I would like to reiterate that my Government is committed not only to the maintenance of peace, social harmony, better fiscal discipline but also to protect the territorial integrity of Manipur and work for the well being of the people of the State.

JAI HIND


http://manipurassembly.nic.in/govadd.htm

Sixth Schedule and working of the District Councils in North-Eastern States

Dr. R. N. Prasad

Under the Govt. of India Act, 1935, the hill areas of Assam were divided into two categories-Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas. The Lushai Hills (now Mizoram) the Naga Hills and the North Cachar Hills were under the excluded areas, over which the provincial ministry had no jurisdiction. Expenditure incurred in these hill areas was also not voted by the provincial legislature because there were no representatives from these hill districts. Not only this, even no federal or provincial legislation extended to the districts automatically. The Khasi and Jaintia Hills, the Garo Hills, and the Mikir Hills were partially excluded areas. These districts had five representatives in the Assam Legislative Assembly but in the Garo Hills and the Mikir Hills, the franchise was limited to the traditional village headmen. Briefly, these areas were administered by the state government subject to the special powers of the Governor. This, in fact, did not change the administrative machinery of the districts. In effect the 1935 Constitution did not afford local self government or political autonomy to the hill tribes of the excluded and partially excluded areas to manage their local affairs according to their own genius and ability. No political activities of any kind in these districts were permitted. There was also no political entity, which could voice the people’s aspirations and grievances. The British Superintendent and the local chiefs in most of the districts of the excluded areas used to rule the people as virtual dictators.

After Independence, there were demands for regional autonomy and better status within the constitutional framework from the tribes of the hill areas of Assam. The Interim Government of India in 1947 was sensitive to the political aspirations of the tribal people of the hill areas of Assam in the background of assurances given by the outgoing British rulers. In order to ensure their participation in decision making and management of the affairs and safeguarding tribal interests, the government appointed a Sub-Committee of the Constituent Assembly – the North-East Frontier (Assam) Tribal and Excluded Areas Committee – under the Chairmanship of Gopinath Bardoloi, Chief Minister of Assam. The Bardoloi Committee made an on the spot study of the demands and aspirations of the hill tribes and submitted its recommendations for a simple and inexpensive set-up (District Councils) of the tribal areas, which were later accepted and incorporated into the Article 244 (2) of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. The Bardoloi Committee also made provision for Regional Council for the tribes other than the main tribe. This scheme sought to build up autonomous administration (District Councils and the Regional Council) in the hill areas of Assam (United Khasi-Jaintia Hills District, Garo Hills District, Lushai Hills District, Naga Hills District, North Cachar Hills District, and Mikir Hills District) so that the tribal people could preserve their traditional way of life, and safeguard their customs, and cultures. The Committee also recommended the abolition of the excluded and the partially excluded areas and representation of the hills districts in the legislative Assembly on the basis of adult franchise. It expected the state and the central governments to help the tribals in securing the benefits of a democratic, progressive and liberal constitution of the country.

After the Indian Constitution was brought into force, the Government set up an Interim Tribal Advisory Council in each hill district and also desired the participation of the tribal representatives in the administration of the areas, even during the interim period pending the formation of the District Councils. The councils had no statutory basis and the councils used to advise the District Superintendent/Deputy Commissioners on various administrative problems and development schemes of the district. So it was really a training ground for the hill tribes in self governance. Under paragraph 2 of the Sixth Schedule to the Indian Constitution, the Government of Assam farmed the Assam Autonomous District (Constitution of District Councils) Rules 1951 and the Pawi-Lakher ( Constitution of Regional Councils) Rules, 1952 for the autonomous region in the Lushai Hills District. Accordingly, the District Councils and the Regional Councils were constituted in 1952 and 1953 respectively.

After the Mizo Hills was elevated to the status of the Union Territory of Mizoram in accordance with the North-Eastern Areas (Re-organisation) Act, 1971 the Mizo District Council was abolished in 1972. The Pawi-Lakher Regional Council which was constituted for the Pawis, the Lakhers and the Chakmas, was also trifurcated into three District Councils) in 1972 under the provisions of the said Act. The Government of Manipur as per the provisions of the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971 passed by the Parliament also constituted six Autonomous District Councils for the tribal people for the hill areas of Manipur. These councils were outside the purview of the Sixth Schedule. Presently the North-East India has, fifteen District Councils – two in Assam, three in Meghalaya, three in Mizoram, one in Tripura and six in Manipur. Here, it is interesting to note that the Nagas, for whom the Sixth Schedule was mainly provided have no autonomous District Councils of their own till date.

Territorial Composition of District Councils

The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution empowers the Governor to determine the administrative areas of the councils. He is also authorized to create a new autonomous district, increase or diminish the area of any existing district, increase or diminish the area of any existing District Councils, unite two or more autonomous districts or parts thereof so as to form one autonomous district, define the boundaries of any district and alter the name of any autonomous district. But such changes in the territorial composition of the autonomous District Councils can be only brought about by the Governor on the report of the Commission appointed for the purpose the paragraph (1) of paragraph 14 of the Sixth Schedule. The Governor of Manipur before issuing such, order, has to consult the Hill Areas Committee. The Administrative areas of the District Councils, however, differ from place to place. For instance, the District Councils in Assam and Meghalaya have been constituted at the district level whereas in Mizoram, the District Councils have been created at both the district and subdivisional levels.

Composition of District Councils and regional Councils

Each District Councils or regional Council provided under the Sixth Schedule is a corporate body by name of District Council or

Regional Council of (Name of the District or name of the Region) having perpetual succession and a common seal with the right to sue and be sued. The Councils consists of thirty members, 26 are elected from the single member constituencies on the basis of adult franchise and not more than four persons are nominated by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Executive Member for a term of five years. They are known as MDC (Member of the District Council). The nominated members-normally represent the minorities and unrepresented communi-ties and hold office at the pleasure of the governor. The number of constituencies in each District Councils vary from one another depending on the number of elective seats provided for each council.

The term of District Councils is five years. The Governor may extend the term for a period not exceeding one year at a time, during the national emergency or in event of impossibility of holding of elections.

There is a provision of Chairman and Deputy Chairman in the District Councils who normally preside over the Council sessions. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman are elected by the elected members of the District Councils. The meeting to elect Chairman is presided over either by the Deputy Commissioner or any officer authorised by the Governor. The election is by a simple majority. Those members, who are elected as Chairman and Deputy Chairman need stay in the office at the pleasure and confidence of the District Council. But the rules provide that they may, at any time, resign in writing. They can be removed at any time by a resolution of the Council as provided in the rules.

Functionally, the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman act like the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of a legislature. The Chairman calls for the meeting of the District Council, presides over the Council in session and regulates the proceedings of the Council. His decision to the conduct of meeting is final. He also admits questions and motions and allows time for the discussion of business. He has a casting vote in case of a tie. In the absence of the Chairman, the Deputy Chairman performs duties. The Chairman is assisted by the Secretary to the Council, who is normally deputed from the state government.

Executive Committee

The rules enacted under the Sixth Schedule provide for an Executive Committee (EC) of the District Council to carry on its executive functions. The EC consists of the Chief Executive Members and two other member. The Chief Executive Member (CEM) is elected by the elected members of the District Council. The two other members of the Executive Committee from among the members of the District Council are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Chief Executive Member. The Executive Committee performs all executive functions of the Council. The Members of the Executive Committee are known as the Executive Members (EM) and the leader is known as the Chief Executive Member (CEM). It is just on the lines of a cabinet system in parliamentary democracy. The District Council is like a miniature government at the district level. There is also a Secretary to the EC appointed by the CEM who is not a member of the District Council. The Chief Executive Member must be elected by the District Council within 48 hours from the date of the removal of the existing committee. If the District Council fails to elect the chief executive member within the fixed period, the Governor may appoint any member of the District Council to be the CEM.

As regards the functions of the Executive Committee, it disposes of all matters falling within its purview. It makes regulations, rules and laws and all appointments with the approval of the District Council. The CEM allocates certain subjects to each executive member to look after; one of them is made in-charge of the district fund or financial affairs of the District Council. It also prepares the budget of the District Councils and gets it passed. The EC is, thus, collectively responsible for all executive orders and policies issued in the name of the District Councils as well as for the implementation of all development schemes in the autonomous district areas. This also implies that when the CEM resigns, the executive committee stands dissolved automatically. It is clear from the provisions of the Sixth Schedule that the civil administration of the autonomous districts is placed with the two authorities viz. Deputy Commissioner representing the state Government and the Executive Committee of the District Councils. The Sixth Schedule has, thus, created two sets of authorities with consequent anomalies overlaps and confusion.

Legislative functions

The District Councils have powers to make laws for allotment, occupation, use of land, other than reserved forests for purposes of agriculture, grazing and other residential and non-residential purposes; management of unreserved forests, use of water courses and canals for agriculture purpose, regulation of shifting cultivation, establishment of village councils and town committees, administration of village policy, public health and sanitation, appointment and succession of chiefs or headmen, inheritance of property, marriage, divorce and social customs, money lending and trading by non-tribals within the autonomous districts. The Governor has power to alter laws or rules passed by the District Councils, which are in violation of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. The Sixth Schedule, thus makes the Governor the head of the Autonomous District Council.

Executive Functions

The District Council has the executive powers to construct or manage primary schools, dispensaries, markets, cattle pounds, ferries, fisheries, roads and waterways. It also prescribes the medium of instruction and manner of education in primary schools within its jurisdiction. The District Council has no legislative or regulatory power over the latter subjects.

Judicial Functions

Para 4 of the Sixth Schedule entitles the Council to constitute Village and District Council Courts in the autonomous areas to adjudicate or try cases or customary laws in which both the parties are tribals. But no case involving offences punishable by death, transportation of life or imprisonment for not less than five years are heard or adjudicated by these courts. The District Council Court and the Regional Council Court are courts of appeal in respect of all suits and cases tried by the Village Council Courts and the Subordinate District Council Courts. No other court except the High Court and the Supreme Court of India have jurisdiction over suits and cases decided by the Council Courts.

Financial Functions

The District and the Regional Councils are responsibility for framing rules for the management of finances with the approval of the Governor. They are also given mutually exclusive powers to collect land revenues, levy and collect taxes on lands, holdings, shops, entry of goods into market and tolls etc within their respective jurisdictions.

But the District Council has the concurrent power on the professions, trade, callings, employments, animals, vehicles and huts, tolls on passengers, and goods carried in ferries and maintenance of schools, dispensaries or roads. Under para 9 of the Sixth Schedule, the royalty on the licenses or leases for the extraction of minerals in the autonomous districts goes to the District Council. As regards the tax on motor vehicles, it is assigned and collected by the State Government on behalf of the District Council. Grants-in-aid, loans and advances etc from the state government, constitute other sources of income of the Councils.

The District Councils enjoy autonomy and the Acts of the Parliament and the State legislatures on the subject under them do not normally apply to the autonomous districts. They may be extended there with such exceptions and modifications as are considered necessary by the District Regional Council concerned.

Working of the District Councils

The District councils have elaborate functions/powers in the legislative, executive, judicial and financial domains. These powers are expected to uplift the tribal communities in the domains of primary education, health, culture, social customs, social welfare, forest, land, agriculture, water management, village administration, economic and rural development. However, in practice the performances of the District Councils, have not come upto expectations. Result is that the District Councils have come under severe criticism. Besides the political and functional deficiencies, some provisions of the Sixth Schedule also contribute to the unsatisfactory performance of the Councils. For example the power of nomination is frequently abused for narrow party gains. The concerned Ministers often recommend persons for nomination on political considerations. It is the Minister and not the Governor that nominates persons. At times nominations have been used to reverse the majority in Council to minority. In many District Council areas, ethnic minorities; hardly find any representation in the Councils either by election or by nomination an violation of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule.

Some District Councils have failed to set up courts at village and other levels. The Karbi Anglong District Council could not create judiciary because of reluctance of the State Government to release fund. Most of the courts at the District Councils level manned by reject politicians or people without any judicial background or training. No wonder the judicial performance of these Courts leaves much to be desired. Many District Councils have not yet codified all customary laws in the autonomous districts. Customary laws are hardly observed.

Despite the service rules framed by the Councils, the staffing has no relevance to the necessity. Qualification is no criteria and considerations of political patronage, nepotism and favouritism in the matter of recruitment are rampant in the District Councils. It also adversely impinges on financial resources of the Councils.

Under paragraph 7 of the sixth Schedule, the District Councils have powers to make rules for the District Councils’ finances, taxes etc. The member in-charge of the finance is responsible for the management and control of funds. However, various financial irregularities committed by the councils are conspicuous. The grants-in-aid are misused by diverting under different heads, particularly in non-plan expenditure. Even the basic rules of financial propriety are not observed. Due to overstaffing the establishment expenses, on unproductive trained etc. is unduly heavy Most of the Councils are unable to balance their budgets and often overspend. Mismanagement of public funds was widespread before 1969, when the system of audit by the auditor and comptroller General was introduced.

However even system of audit has failed to control extravagances mainly because under sub-paragraph 2 of paragraph 7, the Governor i.e. the State Government has not made rules for the management of the District Council’s fund. There is need to include in this sub-paragraph a provision that till such time, the Rules are framed rules, framed by the Comptroller and Auditor General, shall apply. A provision need also be made that the accounts of the District Councils can also be audited by the State Government audit agencies.

Another reason for the inadequate performance of the Councils is their dependence on State Governments for financial grants and allotments. However, the District Council has power to levy and collect taxes on profession, trade, callings and employments, animals, vehicles and boats, even within the jurisdiction of the Regional Council (The Regional Council has no such power). The income from such taxes collected from the areas of the Regional Council goes to the District Councils which is unfair. The District Councils neither enforce the tax regulations strictly nor realises the amount efficiently, resulting in meagre tax returns. Generally no attempt is made by the District Council to raise its revenues by exploiting the financial resources available to them.

One of the sources of finance of the District Councils is the share of royalty accruing each year from licenses and leases for the purpose of prospecting for or extraction of minerals granted by the State Government in respect of any area within the District Council. The proceeds from such taxes are shared by the District Council and the State Government in certain agreed ratio. But the District Councils often allege that the share of royalty is not paid to the concerned District Councils regularly by the State Government. Therefore, it is suggested that this power should be given to the councils by amending the sub-paragraph 3 of paragraph 8 of the Sixth Schedule.

Similarly the regional Council has no share in the royalties from licences or leases granted by the State Government for the extraction of minerals within its areas and the proceeds from such taxes are shared by the District Councils and the State Government in certain agreed ratio. This is, no, doubt, unjust and against the norm of economic autonomy or justice. This needs rectification to enable the Regional Council to share such income.

Another major source of income of the District Council is grants-in-aid, it is entitled to under Article 275 of the Constitution of India. The grants to the District Councils are released by State Governments. The State Government, as alleged by the leaders of the District Councils, delay releasing funds to the Councils and such delays are, sometimes, based on political considerations with affecting the normal functioning of the councils. So provision in the Sixth Schedule is required to make it obligatory on the part of the State Government to release the funds within a specified period to the District Councils. The Councils should also submit the utilization certificates of the released grants/accounts to the State Government timely failing which the release of funds should be withheld. The mobilisation of available resources by the District Councils is not satisfactory and they tend to depend on the grants-in-aid from the Central Govt.

The District Councils are empowered to establish, construct and manage primary schools and also prescribe their medium of instructions. Despite these, the rate of literacy among the tribesmen of the District Councils (Karbi-Anglong, North Cachar Hills and Kamala Nagar (Headquarters of Chakma District Council) is low and discouraging. There are many unqualified lower primary school teachers in the most councils. The standard of lower primary education is deterioting day by day. The working of the District Councils in increasing literacy among the poor tribesmen of these areas is very marginal and not upto mark.

The District Council manages primary education and also prescribes a medium of instruction within the jurisdiction of the regional council, which has no power to impart primary education, depriving the minor tribes of the regional Council areas freedom to read and write in their own dialects and languages. Infact, one of the major grievances of the Pawis, the Lakhers and the Chakmas of the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council against the Mizo District Council was on this issue, which, in the long run, compelled these minor tribes to demand separate district councils of their own.

The provisions of the Sixth Schedule suffer from certain short-comings and defects. There is no provision for coordination of the activities of the District Council, the Regional Council and the State Government. The State has no power to review and assess the working of these councils except to approve their legislations by the Governor and to sanction loans and grants for development schemes. As a result, the councils do not surrender the unspent balances of the grants to the State Government. They transfer the amounts for other purposes without proper sanction. Besides lacking expert inputs in developmental matters the leaders of the District Councils do not take interest in plan formulation, schemes and its monitoring at the micro level effect. The Councils have failed to uplift the poor masses.

They are unable to play any significant role in strengthening the planning process at the micro level. As a consequence, the councils have neither been able to do anything of standard in the interest of hill masses nor to involve the poor tribes in development activities either as beneficiaries or as decision makers on any significant scale. In fact, it is shown that the councils have harmed interests of the poor tribes. Within the councils, over a period of time, due to large development funds available, a nexus has emerged between the neo-rich middle class or classes or rich traders, contractors, bureaucrats and educated, who have emerged from within the tribal society of north east India. This emerging socio-economic power structure in the tribal areas does not allow the benefits of the sixth Schedule to flow down to the weaker section of the tribes. The elected members in councils and the office-bearers, who are normally from the elite group of tribal society, have vested interests in preserving the exploitative structure and have created a class which has cornered all the privileges. They have underminded the purpose of the Sixth Schedule to build a democratic edifice for the Councils. The Sixth Schedule has become an alibi for social freeze serving the few at the cost of majority.

It is clear that the power structure, which exists today in our tribal areas, is likely to exploit the poor with or without Fifth and sixth Schedules. If the benefits of the Sixth Schedule have to flow to the poor and if the poor are to be empowered democratically, it is necessary that their position is strengthened by efficient public distribution system (seed banks, grain banks and social security measures), right to work to the tribesmen so as to ensure them minimum employment and incomes to live on, redistribution of assets in favour of the poor by implementing land reforms, and encouraging the role of development bureaucracy and voluntary agencies in rural development. It is further suggested to get the tribesmen of the Sixth Schedule areas involved in development decision-making and implementing process/powers by extending the provisions of the Constitutional (Seventy Third and Fourth) Amendment Acts, 1992 relating to Panchayats and Municipalities to both the rural and the urban areas of the District Councils.

In 1952, the members of the Districts Councils were not allowed to be members of the Legislative Assemblies or Parliament because of holding an office of profit and that the State and the Central Governments had financial interests in the District Councils. But the District Councils persuaded the Ministry of Home Affairs to remove the restriction so that they (especially CEMs and EMs) should become the members of the State Legislative Assembly to develop a better/smooth relations/understanding between the State Government and the District Councils. The People’s Representation Act was amended accordingly. This practice has tended to extend the State politics to the Councils and partisanships discriminations based on party affiliations. The Sixth Schedule and the rules made there underlay down that no person shall be a member of the two District Councils. Similarly, no person should be a member of the two legislative bodies – District Council and the State legislature as it encourages concentration of power in hands of few.

Land management is another weak link of the Councils. The District Councils are empowered to make laws with respect to allotment, occupation or use of land and jhuming to promote the interests of the tribesmen of any village or town. Since the land matters concern the jurisdiction of the District Councils, the land reforms also lie with the councils. The District Councils, briefly, carry on land administration as per customs and traditions of the tribesmen of the Sixth Scheduled areas. The Sixth scheduled prohibits the transfer of land from a tribal to non-tribal. Most of the District Councils have not yet made laws regarding the land holding system in their respective jurisdictions. The basic structure of the customary or traditional system of land tenure remains the same. The District Councils have not been able to protect the common lands or to codify customary system of land tenure and any of other social customs. Where individual ownership of land is recognised, no land reform measures have been initiated. There is no cadastral survey carried out yet. The protection provided by the Inner Line Regulation and the Sixth Scheduled have been used to generate a process of progressive concentration of vast landed property in the form of private ownership in the hands of the emerging local middle class or a small group of well-off tribals. It is aggravating the situation of rural poverty by pushing an increasingly larger section of the real poor, to the margins of landless peasants, farm/agricultural labourers and share croppers. The emergence of private ownership in land leads to exploitative relations in land use and management and thereby perpetuates the existing disparities of wealth and land alienation among the extremely poor tribals. This will certainly disturb social harmony. However, if the situation is to be improved even in a modest way, codification of tribal rights in lands, enactment of laws/regulations concerning the existing land holding system, land reforms and cadastral survey will have to be initiated/implemented effectively as measures of social justice and equity. The tribal land system is more static than dynamic. Rivalry between the State and District Councils also at times presents change. So it is suggested to get the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to enable the Governor to exercise these powers himself, if he is convinced that the council has failed to carry out its tasks as per the provisions of the Sixth Schedule.

The District Councils with measure of stability used to function till the early seventies. Thereafter, both political instability and defections have seriously affected the Councils. It is suggested to amend paragraph 16 of the sixth Schedule to empower the governor to dissolve such Councils. It may be further added that keeping in view the political opportunism displayed by the members of the District Councils in the recent past, anti-defection legislation appears useful. A suitable amendment may empower the Councils to do something positive in this regard.

The Sixth Schedule lays down that no law passed by the Parliament or the State legislature on the matters within the purview of the district is applicable unless the District Council extends its application. Paras 3 (1) 8 and 10 of the Schedule- confer powers on the District Councils to legislate on the subjects enshrined in the Sixth Schedule. But a change has been made in case of Meghalaya and Mizoram by inserting para 12-B in the Sixth Schedule, which gives an overriding character to the acts passed by the State Legislatures. This provision empowers the State government to control the District Councils and takes away all powers conferred on the Councils by para 3 (1), 8, 10. Here the Sixth Schedule seems to be self-contradictory to that extent and also against its being a Constitution within the Constitution of India. This needs to be removed by a proper amendment of the said para 12-B as in para 12. The constitutional (Amendment Act) of 1988 has inserted paragraph 20B (B) in the Sixth Schedule enabling the Governor to exercise discretionary powers to carry out of his functions. But the provision makes it mandatory for the Governor to consult the Council of Ministers. He may thus be influenced by the former in the discharge of his discretionary powers. This needs to be amended in order to safeguard the autonomy of ADC’s.

It is often experienced that some of the functionaries of the District Councils discharge their powers and functions more or less arbitrarily. They also violate acts, rules and regulations for their selfish interests and for the party interests. They also indulge in favouritism and nepotism. They also misuse financial powers and divert funds arbitrarily by violating procedures, rules and regulations, integrating the Sixth Schedule areas economically with the rest of the country. The customary system of land tenure and other protective land regulations to enable to the plains private capital/investors/entrepreneurs to acquire land for the purpose of economic development or for investment on any other public purpose may be codified, modified/liberalised. With the existence of Autonomous District Councils and the, State Governments, the thrust seems to be more on legislation rather than codification. Legislations, no doubt, provides a uniformity in the traditional system rather than codifying the customary laws that vary from tribes to tribes. It may be further added that if the tribal people have to develop according to their genius, land –relations have to be changed radically to keep continuity with egalitarian ethos of tribal traditions.

The Sixth Scheduled has a vague provision that creates a confusion/complication. Paragraph 3(G) of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India empowers the District Councils to appoint the succession of Chiefs or headmen but it does not appear clear whether such power covers the abolition of Chiefship as an institution. In 1954, the Government of Assam got an Act passed to abolish Chiefships. The lands under the control of the Chiefs were placed under the control of the District Councils. When the Mizo Hills District was elevated to the status of Union Territory of Mizoram and subsequent to State, the Mizo Hills District Council stood abolished and the lands came directly under the control of the State as the areas of the erstwhile Mizo Hills District council after its abolition also became non-Sixth Scheduled. However, the villages have traditional economic-cum-proto-political jurisdiction, the village authorities (Village Councils) operate as the agents of the State. Had the land been acquired by any Act of the Autonomous District Council, probably, the land would have been under the village communities’ control, as in Nagaland without the proprietory intermediacy of the State, though, Nagaland has never been a Sixth Scheduled area.

The District Council is a product of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. The Schedule, is thus, itself the Constitution within the Constitution of India. The District Council is not created by the State legislature. The provisions of the Sixth Schedule can be amended only by the Parliament. The Autonomous District Council is a body created by the Parliament. The Autonomous District Council is a body corporate and so such, it appears that the council may act independently of the State Legislature. But the position in actual practice is quite different. The Governor being the head of the State is also the head of the District council. He suspends any act or resolution of the District Council which is contrary to the provisions of the Sixth Schedule or likely to endanger the safety of the country or prejudicial to public order and takes such step as he thinks necessary including the suspension of the council. He may assume to himself all or some of the functions and powers of the councils for a period of six months. He may also dissolve the council on the recommendation of an Inquiry Commission to be appointed under para 14 of the Sixth Schedule, which mismanages the affairs of the council. As experiences have shown, setting up of an Inquiry Commission is recommended by the State Council of Minister rather than by the Governor of the State. Such order must be approved by the legislature of the State concerned. The District Councils, before appointment of an Inquiry Commission, is not given a chance or opportunity to place its views before the State Government/State Legislature. Briefly, it may be said that the District Councils as an institution have not protected the socio-economic interests and customs/traditions of the tribesmen because of political pressure/interference/instability, lack of leadership, in fighting among the members of the Councils and various political parties and misuse of powers and funds.

If the District Council is to continue to function in a proper shape and manner required under the sixth Schedule, its autonomy should be restored by scrapping the overriding powers of the State Government, over the District Councils’. Adequate grants-in-aid must be given to them. A provision should be made that mandatory obligation on the part of the State Government is required to make funds available to the District Council in time for its estimated expenditures by amending paragraphs 7 and 13 of the Sixth Schedule. Because of financial difficulties and limited financial resources, most Councils have not yet taken over charge of their many functions such as primary education, set-up of its police force, hospitals and development functions as provided by the Sixth Schedule. The District Councils have failed to evoke local initiative and people’s participation in the development activities to the desired extent. The Councils have hardly brought about the intended social and economic changes in the tribal areas. As S.K. Chaube said; there was a clear paradox in the working of the District Councils. As they failed to utilize their socio-economic potentialities, their attention was diverted to politics and the pretentions of a mini-states. Even the conversion of some of the sixth Schedule areas to the status of full-fledget states do not appear to have resolved the problem fully.

Inspite of these limitations underlying the provisions of the Sixth Schedule this is also true that the District Councils and the regional councils provided under the Sixth Schedule have provided a fair degree of autonomy for the tribal people living in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Mizoram. The real problem has been with its execution an true spirit and intent. Perhaps there is a need to train the members of ADCs in their tasks rather than strangulate their initiatives by amendments giving more power to the State Government. In the same vein the Governor’s discretionary powers need to be insulated from undue influence of the state governments.

Dialogue (A quarterly journal of Astha Bharati) Astha Bharati

http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_Oct04/prasad.htm

IN LOVING MEMORY OF MY BELOVED UNCLE

TUNGNUNG HENZADONG @ DONGMENG
Chief of Zomunnuam Village
Died February 5, 2008 at Lamka



Monday, February 04, 2008

Sodom leh Gomorra khawpi Lamka

Churachandpur District capital chi zeen samle hang Lamka khawpi hih a neu tuk in a sung ah thil thupitak tak piang khia a, thil thupitak om in, thil thupi tak mah om beh seem lai ding hi. Neih le lam, sum le pai chih te khawpi sung ah nasa law mahmah in, bazaar sung lel a nikhat a sum kivei tuah tam petmah ding in I gingta hi.

Unau melhaih hun 1997-’98 lai in mi tamtak te neek le dawn ding neilou in I om uh a, meikuang paisuak bangkhawp in ann ngawl man pawl leng om hi. Tuaban ah, tamtak te mah in sum le pai neih sunsun te thautang man ding khawng in I zuak ua, huchih lai in kitat satlouh a building ana lam ziahziah leh mite taisan Inn le lou a na leithei ziahziah bang ana om hi.

Lamka khawpi a hoihlam sang in a selam ah naktak in a khangtou zaw hi. Bangziaka hiai chi ihi hiam I chih leh, 1980s apan Heroine No 4 hong lut in tuni tan in mi tamtak Inn le lou gamsak in, nule pa khitui luanna suak a, tamtak mah in sih hun loupipi in hanmual honna liamsan uhi. Lamka khawpi sung ah Pathian Biakinn a za a sim om ding in I gingta hi. Pathianni kikhawp ah Biakinn I dim vang mahmaha, Christmas leh Kumthak Ni chauh a Pathian om ding sa bang tuk in Biakinn I naih zaizai sek uhi. Ei lawi I sihchiang un a manpha thei tawp in I kigen sek ua, I pianthak hun naktak in I sui uhi. I damlai a I nasep hoihloute genlou in, dang naal zeen in Vangam kai ding ngeingei in I ki gen naak uhi. Akhente’n OD/AIDS a si te leng ki zumpih mahmah in, sung na peuh chi in, anatna I puangzaak ngam hetkei uhi.

Drugs tawh kisai in Lamka khawpi peen khawpi neu mahmah himahleh, khovel theih in Drugs leh HIV/AIDS munpi khat a theih in om hi. Huaiziak mah ahi ding I lak ah NGO tamtak a hong piang zungzung a, Rehab centre ngial tam chihtak in hong tam hi. Kizuak (prostitute) tawh kisai in leng I maimai tuan kei uhi. Commer sex worker chih nasan leng zum zounawn lou in I om ta a, zumna a I ngaihlouh pen changkanna khat leh civilized na khat himahleh, a zum huai zawng a angaituah in zum huai petmah hi. Ki zuakte tungtawn in I lakah natna hoihlam hong pung hat mahmah a theih ahi. Khawpi changkang dan a ngai I hivet leh, I lak ah red light area bawlvet a, kizuakna mun mun thoveng a bawlkhiak a, routine medical check up neih hunta hi. Natna hoihlou I ki ban lawh zungzung sang un, Government theihpihna tawh kizuakte kiang ah license pia in, zalentak a gamtatsak hile uh tuasang in natna hoihlou a tawmzaw diam chih ngaihdan piangthei bang ta hi.

Zu zuakna tawh kisai in leng I ki etthak a I bawlthak ding uh tam mahmah ding hi. Khawpi sung ah Sepaih camp bangzah hiam om hi. Huai camp te a canteen manager te ading in hauhsakna tham sum ipe khe mahmah ta uhi. Ache thei deuh te’n sepaih canteen apan zu tam taktak la sawn in khawpi sung a vendor te ah supply sek uhi. Manipur dry state ahih hang in Lamka khawpi sung ah deihdan dan in zu I muthei veve hi. Tua tawh kisai mah in, zu san leh zu ngou I lakah pumdim in a huanna tanpha leng sim seng louh in om ding hi. Lamka khawpi sung ah zuzuak na mun 300/400 phial ah om dng in I gingta hi. A dawn ut te’n mulah lou lah dawn veve ding ahih ziak un, revenue tam sem om theih na ding in wine and beer shop Government theihpihna tawh honkhiak hileh bang a chi dia?

Zu leh khamtheih tuamtuam te’n thil hoihlou leh khelhna liantak in I ngai a, I ngaih ding mah leng ahi him hi. Himahleh, neekgukna tawh kisai in bangzahta in I ki siamtan theituan dia oi? Saptuam upa I lak ah bangzah mahni sepna (posting) na mun a om peih lou I om a? Saptuam thaunilh sumpung hawm a kipei leng a hunkhawp om I hi ka hia? Pharisaite’n Samari numei suang a adenlup dek lai un a kiang uah Jesu’n khelhna neilou pe’n in deng masa un a chih pian deuh un, zu zuak, kizuak, khamtheih hih leh adang dang te I mawhsak lai in, ei bang I hi tuan a chih te mahni kidotna dia poimawh mahmah ahi hi. Education Department, District Council Department tuamtuam ah bangzah fake appointment mu I om ua, I tate bangzah fake appointment ah I guanglut a, ahih kei leh, sepna bangzah in sum le pai seeng in I lei ua? Chih te ngaihtuah tham ching hi.

I lakah Pathian limsakna kichi leh khasiangthou halhsakna I ma mawh uh chih Biakinn a sermon pipen a hitawn tung hi. Biakinn kaiteng mah kai, thugen te’n lah a kibang ngen gengen mai, khawmpi chiang a ki naih khawm huhu, chialpi leh camp om teng a kilat thakna nei in, kha khat leng daihlah mahmahte I hih ziak in, I din mun uh theih haktak ah. Huaiziak in, khawvel in I mi hinna zou gawpta in, sum le pai etlahna a I dim luat ziak in, Saptuam leh Upate lak mahmah ah leng halhna tungtheilou adiam chih ngaihtuah tham ching hi. Bangteng hileh, zingkal phalvak ma a khitui kaikawm a, I gam leh Nam damsakna dia Pathian kiang a ana thumte ziak lel a I khawpi sung haalzaak a om nai tadihlou adiam? Pathian in Sodom leh Gomorro a halsiang bang a ei lak leng chik ni chiang in ahon halsiang dia chih ngaihngam huai lou hi. Rev V Khamthawng in “Aw van mei, van mei kuang thupi, hong tung in kon ngai uhi….” chih ana phuah pe’n 100% Christian kichite ading in dik tawntung ding bang hi.

www.manipurexpress.com

Sunday, February 03, 2008

WHAT IS IN A NAME? EVERYTHING IS IN A NAME! THADOU VERSUS KUKI

M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.

UNWARRANTED MEDDLING WITH THE NAME OF A LANGUAGE?

Years ago, Mr. S.L. Lunneh was the chief of Motbung Village, located on the National Highway 39 in Manipur (about 26 kms. from Imphal towards Kohima). He was also the editor of an irregular weekly newspaper Simlemal in the language under question. He was a widely respected leader among all the hill tribes of Manipur for many years. Towards the time under consideration here, he was old and confined himself mainly to Thadou politics. However his influence with the national and local leaders was still very good. He wrote a memorandum assailing the position taken by the Bible Society of India, Bangalore that published HOLY BIBLE IN KUKI. The main translator for this version is Mr. T. Lunkim. Mr. Lunneh took the position:

Kuki is a foreign word, applied to several Kuki-Chin tribes. Kuki is not a tribe and it has no dialect of its own, rather it is a national name like the Naga and Mizo.

Thado is a recognized tribe whereas Kuki is not.

The publications in the past, including those of the Bible Society, called the language in question either as Thadou or as Thadou Kuki.

Mr. T. Lunkim is a non-Thadou. Hence he wants to change the name of the language from Thadou to Kuki.

"In our places, Thadou dialect is used by some Kukis who are not Thadous, but why should it forfeit its identity just because it is spoken by some non-Thadous?"

"The ill-guided policy of Mr. T. Lunkim has now compelled the Thadou Pao Literature committee, India to seek the end of justice at the judicial court."

There is every chance for physical clashes among the communities involved. However, in spite of his position against the use of the term Kuki as the name of the language in which the Bible has been translated, it may be noted Mr. Lunneh himself was once the supporter of the use of the term Kuki for political reasons given below.

THE CONTENTION IN FAVOR OF KUKI

Mr. T. Lunkim is a pastor and has been engaged in the translation of the Bible for several years, almost since the beginning of sixties. He belongs to a small community called Lunkim. This community is not part of the Thadou clans proper. However, people of this community speak the same language as the Thadous. Mr. Lunkim's contention always has been that, since several non-Thadou communities speak the same language, the language should have a common name and not any name of a particular tribe, the use of which would make one conclude that the language belongs to Thadous only. Though his contention seems to be fair on prime facie grounds, it will, indeed, be difficult to support his arguments unconditionally for reasons given below.

THE MEDDLERS?

The Bible society of India has been engaged in the translation of the Holy Bible in the language under question for several years in the past. The first translation brought out by them was the translation of the New Testament in Thadou Kuki and the second major translation was the Book of Genesis in Thadou Kuki. The Bible Society committed itself through these two publications for calling the language in question as Thadou Kuki, if not Thadou only. The contention of Mr. Lunneh was that if the Bible Society published the Holy Bible with the title Holy Bible in Kuki, it would mean that the Secretary of the Bible Society had allowed himself, "to be convinced by a single person with total disregard to the popular voice of the people concerned," and that he "may be held responsible for any possible communal bloodshed among them." This contention was a possibility at that time, any neutral observer would agree. However, this, indeed, was one more problem added to the list of pressing problems, to be tackled by law and order authorities, and possibly not by the students of linguistics. But, the most interesting question was this-Was it right on the part of the Bible Society to change the accepted names of languages arbitrarily in total disregard of existing conventions sanctioned and legalized by government orders?

THE POSITION IN EARLY LITERATURE

The positions found in past literature may be summarized as follows.

The earliest work written specifically about the language in question is by Lieut. R. Stewart in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1857). Stewart entitled his paper as "A slight notice of the Grammar of Thadou or New Kookie language," and commented that "the appellation of Kookie is unknown among themselves, and they have no title embracing their whole race, but they call one another by the names of their different clans. They all speak the same language, with very slight modification in the dialects and it is called among them Thadou Pao, form the name of one of their principal clans."

Linguistic Survey of India calls the language in question as Thado only and comments that "the denomination Kuki-Chin is a purely conventional one, there being no proper name comprising all these tribes." "The words Kuki and Chin are synonymous and are both used for many of the hill tribes in question. Kuki is an Assamese or Bengali term, applied to various hill tribes, such as the Lushais, Rangkhols, Thados, etc. It seems to have been known at a comparatively early period. In the Raj Mala, Siva is stated to have fallen in love with a Kuki woman and the Kukis are mentioned in connection with the Tipperah Raja …, who flourished about 1512 A.D. The Kuki is, more especially, used to denote the various tribes which have successively been driven from the Lushai and Chin Hills into the surrounding country to the north and west. The tribes which first emigrated from Lushai land into Cachar, the Rangkhols and Betes with their offshoots, are generally distinguished as Old Kuki; while it has become customary to use the term New Kuki to denote the Thados, Jangshems and their offshoots."

After discussing the fact that several sub-tribes trace their origin back to Thadou, the progenitor of the tribe Thadou and his brothers, which had resulted in several sub-clans, the Linguistic Survey of India concludes that "it is, however, of little use to make all these divisions and subdivisions. All these tribes with the exception Ralte speak the same language, and the dialectal differences are only slight. The language itself is, according to Messrs. Stewart and Dament called Thado-pao, Thado language."

Another major work is by T.C. Hodson (1905). Hodson calls this language in question only as Thado. Yet another work by a missionary Rev. Pettigrew (1926) calls this language only as Thadou.

WORKS OF NATIVE SCHOLARS

Two important works by native scholars of this period, namely, Longkhobel Kilong (1922) and Thomsong Ngulhao (1927) call this language as Thadou Kuki. The printing history of this latter work (Lekhabul, Thadou Kuki First Primer by Ngulhao (1927)) shows that this book has seen so far twenty-one editions (at the time of writing this article originally in 1970), with the average of four to six thousand copies every year in the sixties.

It is necessary to note the addition of a word Kuki to the language called so far only as Thadou or Thado. This addition was perhaps found necessary by these native scholars to indicate clearly that the language in question was a non-Naga language. Thadous, like their brethren tribes Lushais, Paites, Hmars, etc., were always careful to identify themselves as distinct from the Naga tribes.

REASONS FOR THE INSISTENCE ON THE RETENTION OF THE IDENTITY

The reasons for the retention of this separate identity were manifold of which only a few may be mentioned here. Sociologically and anthropologically these non-Naga tribes believe that their customs and social organizations are akin to each other among themselves and that these are different from the ones found among the Nagas. Geographically, the non-Naga tribes occupy contiguous areas and have closer contacts with the Chins of Burma's Chin Hills. Linguistically, languages of the non-Naga tribes are mutually intelligible to a great extent, whereas Naga languages are totally unintelligible to these communities. Politically, the non-Naga tribes had an upper hand in Manipur before independence and had enjoyed official patronage more than the Naga tribes did. In addition to these, many non-Naga villages have mixed population of non-Naga tribes. There have been, for many years in the past, some sort of rivalry between the groups as to the lands they occupied.

THE POSITION OF CENSUS RECORDS

The position of 1961 Census: The 1961 census of India report calls the language under question as Thado and groups 19 mother tongue returns under this. Of the 19 mother tongues thus grouped under Thado, some are clans of Thadou proper, and some, such as Lhouvum and Mate, are non-Thadou communities.

There is still another language name stated as Kuki-Unspecified in the Language Tables of 1961 census. This Kuki-Unspecified has a bulk of speakers whose language affinity is not made clear in the 1961 census. The post-census investigations by me for both the Language Division of the Census of India Organization and the Central Institute of Indian Languages revealed that Kuki as a mother tongue was returned by those who do not generally want to be identified under either Thadou or under any particular tribal name. However, most of these people speak the same language as the Thadous.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION

The language in question is spoken by several communities of which the most predominant community is Thadou. The following are considered to be the Thadou clans proper: 1) Thalhun, 2) Sitlhou, 3) Haokip, 4) Kipgen, 5) Lhouvum and 6) Doungel. All these clans (except to some extent the Doungel) trace their origin to Thadou, a hero known for his valor. In addition to these clans of Thadou proper, there are a number of smaller communities which also speak the same language, and these communities are as follows: 1) Hangshing, 2) Chongloi, 3) Phoh-hil, 4) Sah-um, 5) Lhang-um, 6) Changsam, 7) Lenthang, 8) Thanggeo, 9) Insum, 10) Jongbe, 11) Mate, 12) Lupho, 13) Lupheng, 14) Misao, 15) Lunkim, 16) Lhungdim and 17) Baite, etc. The above smaller communities do not trace their origin to Thadou, and hence form a non-Thadou group, which speaks the same language as Thadous.

It is difficult to say with certainty which of these two groups is larger in terms of numerical strength, because no such information is available through Census 1961. However, it is certain that there is no single community among the non-Thadous possessing the numerical strength equivalent to that of Thadous proper. Filed investigations indicated further that even the numerical strength of the non-Thadous taken together as a single group will not be equivalent to that of Thadous proper. In addition to this it should be noted that most of the non-Thadou people live in villages where the predominant majority may belong to Thadou clans proper.

THE POSITION OF HAOKIPS

The position of Haokips: Haokip is a clan belonging to Thadous proper. Perhaps they are the most numerous people among all the clans of Thadou proper. They live mostly in the interior hills and are known for their rugged behavior, especially by those belonging to Sitlhou clan. Their dialect used to be a subject for comment as if their speech is "incorrect and corruptive." Their "backwardness" in the past (usually measured in terms of number of conversions to Christianity!) was well known among the hill tribes in Manipur. This attitude on the part of others from among the Thadous proper, because of tribal history and beliefs, had become very unacceptable to many educated Haokips and it resulted in their demand for recognition as a separate tribe by the President of Indian Union. This educated section wanted to change the name of the language also from Thadou or Thadou Kuki to Kuki only. However, still a larger section of the Haokips are uncommitted and are proud of their association with the name Thadou.

Political leaders from among the Thadou-Kuki group were rumored to support the demand for the name of Kuki only for the entire group as well for the speech of this group, and to seek recognition for the clans as independent tribes. This was necessitated by the electoral politics.

A HISTORY OF THE TRENDS IN FAVOR OF THE TERM KUKI

As we have mentioned earlier, Kuki was once used as a generic term to denote all the non-Naga tribes of Manipur including Lushais and others of present Mizoram. In 1928, William Shaw, a civil servant of British origin, published his "Notes on Thadou Kuki" through the Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal and claimed in his work that the Thadous were a very important people among Kukis and that the non-Thadous (including not only the smaller communities which spoke the same language as Thadous but also different Kuki-Chin communities of Manipur such as Hmar, Paite, Vaiphei and Grangte) were "under the wings of Thados." His remark was interpreted by the non-Thadous as implying that these communities were subjects of Thadous.

This had greatly angered the leaders of these communities, had resulted in bloody clashes among the communities in several places, and had set into motion the clamor for separate identities. Because of the twist given to the term Kuki by William Shaw, these communities refused to be called as Kuki and, in course of time, they attained individual recognition, through a President's order which listed the names of tribes recognized for the purposes of educational concessions, etc. However, Thadous preferred to call all the non-Naga tribes as Kukis and formed a Kuki National Assembly [(KNA) in the lines of Naga National Assembly of Naga Hills] and made the creation of a separate Kuki land their platform. Though creation of a separate state of non-Naga people was acceptable to many non-Thadous, they resented the use of the term Kuki and, in course of time, KNA has become a mouthpiece of mainly the Thadous and non-Thadous, who spoke the same language. Now, every tribe has its own organization in the political, social and religious fields and does not want to be clubbed under any Kuki organization.

THE USE OF THE TERM KUKI

The current use of the term Kuki among all the non-Thadou tribes, in conjunction with the political development mentioned above, refers only to the Thadous and non-Thadous, who speak the same language. But, Thadous would use it only as a generic term to refer to all the Kuki-Chin tribes of India.

The move for changing the name of the language from Thadou to Kuki was initiated by Mr. T. Lunkim and several other non-Thadou and Haokip leaders sometime in the early sixties. I think that it was in 1960, the Kuki Baptist Convention (an association of Baptist Christians) wanted to propose this change through a resolution which was opposed stiffly by Thadou leaders, more particularly by Mr. V. Kipgen, a secretary of the Thadou Pao Literature Committee.

This move for the change was first of all prompted by political motives, especially by the developments in the adjourning Naga Hills. There was a powerful group of youngsters comprising of college and high school students who worked hard to unite all the Kuki-Chin tribes of Manipur by bringing in the general term Kuki to denote all of them. As a first step toward this unity, they proposed to change the term Thadou into Kuki. This powerful group published a fortnightly called Muoltinchaan and propagated this ideal. However, the other non-Thadou tribes such as Hmar, Paite, Vaiphei and Simte were not enthusiastic about this and, in addition to this, they had to face strongest opposition from the well established Thadous. Finally, after a few issues, the newspaper became defunct.

The second motive was to attain recognition also for the non-Thadous, who speak the language in question, under a common name. Many of these communities are smaller in terms of numerical strength and did not find a place in the list of Presidents' Order recognizing tribes for the purposes of educational concessions, etc. The students belonging to these smaller non-Thadou communities had to declare their tribe as Thadou for receiving educational concessions, etc, because their tribes did not find a place in the recognized tribes list. This was disliked by many and has led to the move for the change of the language in question.

NO ONE TO ONE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A LANGUAGE AND A TRIBE

There is no one to one relation between a language and a tribe in the Manipur Hills. But hill leaders of every tribe always assumed, before and after attaining separate recognition in the President's Order, that they did have a separate language of their own. This attitude resulted in the formation of Language Literature Committees for almost every tribe even if they speak the same language spoken by several other tribes. That is, the separate name of the community has come to be taken for granted as an indication for the existence and establishment of separate languages.

After the Mizo National Front uprising in March 1966, the political motives brought in another proposal to change the names of tribes and their languages. It was proposed to suffix the term Mizo (mi = man, people; zou = hill) to all the names of tribes and their languages in order to identify these tribes with the Lushais and others of then Mizo Hills District. This was being propagated extensively by the Manipur Mizo Integration Council at Churachandpur. If this proposal were accepted by the people, then the Thadou tribe would have become Thadou Mizo, Paite would have become Paite Mizo, and so on. But this move also was opposed by many leaders of the non-Naga tribes, because they feared that their separate identity attained after a period of struggle will be lost and that the most populous Lushai section of the Mizo group would begin to dominate over other smaller communities. (See Dr. Satrupa's article in this issue on the souring of relations between the Hmars and the Lushais, THE SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF LINGUISTIC IDENTITY - A CASE STUDY IN THE LUSHAI HILLS.) Of all the Kuki-Chin tribes in India, the Hmars were very supportive of the move for Mizoram, but then later on the relationship between the two groups somewhat deteriorated.) The move for suffixing the term Mizo to the names of the tribes and their languages was vociferously supported by the section of politicians who wanted the merger of the Manipur Hill areas occupied by Kuki-Chins with the Mizo Hills District of Assam to form a separate Mizo State within the Indian Union, if not outside it.

A SUMMARY

We find that the language in question is spoken by both the Thadous and several other non-Thadou communities and that among these two sections the Thadous are the most populous single community. We noted that the past literature on the language in question called it only as Thado or Thadou and that the native scholars called it Thadou Kuki to distinguish their language clearly from the Naga languages. We noted also that the move to change the name of the language in question came mainly from the section of non-Thadous and that this move was partly supported by sections of Haokips for sociological reasons. We saw that the move for changing the language name from Thadou or Thadou Kuki to Kuki only was originally motivated by political ambitions and later on was supported by the fact that non-Thadous were unable to get concessions from governmental agencies when they declared their real tribal name as the name of the tribe they were belonging to. We found that the latest trend was to suffix the term Mizo to the names of tribes and their languages and that this proposal was also motivated by political ambitions. We found further that several communities for the reasons mentioned in the discussion also opposed this proposal. We noted that there was serious objection to use the term Kuki to denote all the Kuki-Chin tribes and that these tribes preferred to be called by their own names rather than by a generic term like Kuki or Mizo.

We noted also that the Bible Society of India called this language in question in their earlier publications as Thadou Kuki only. Thus, the change in the nomenclature by the Bible Society of India (alleged in the memorandum) made was first of all in conflict with their earlier nomenclature, secondly with the nomenclature found in past literature, thirdly in conflict with the desires of the major community, and fourthly it was perhaps an innovation not sustainable either by the past literature on this language or by the nomenclature used in the President's Order and in other governmental records of, say, Census of India and Manipur Administration. The change the Bible Society of India made in the nomenclature is somewhat questionable on the grounds listed above.

SOME SUGGESTIONS

A decision with regard to the nomenclature to be adopted for calling this language in question should take note of the above points. Some sections of non-Thadous do not approve if Thadou only is used as the name of the language. The entire Thadou community would oppose the move if Kuki alone is used as the name of the language. A better solution would be to have both the words Thadou and Kuki somehow incorporated in the nomenclature. Ngulhao (1927) and other native scholars called the language Thadou Kuki and this nomenclature is quite acceptable to Thadous and some non-Thadou communities. However, the section headed by Mr. T. Lunkim is opposed to this nomenclature also. But, as mentioned earlier, it is difficult to name the language in question as Kuki only.

To solve this problem, let us first of all assume that our nomenclature is going to have both these words, but written in such a way that it would satisfy the majority of both the Thadou and non-Thadou factions. It seems to me that this alone is a sound step under present circumstances to avoid enmity between these sections. To achieve this end there are essentially four alternatives and these are as follows:

Change the name to Kuki Thadou

Change the name to Thadou or Kuki, represented in writing either in longhand this way or as Thadou/Kuki

Change the name to Kuki or Thadou, represented in writing either in longhand this way or as Kuki/Thadou, and

Change the representation Thadou Kuki to Thadou-Kuki.

The first change is supposed to demonstrate (or give) emphasis on Kuki by placing it as the first word in the nomenclature. The second change makes the names involved as alternative names for the same language with emphasis on Thadou as the first alternative. The first change also makes the names involved as alternative name for the same language, but with emphasis on Kuki as the first alternative. The last change makes the point that the language in question is Thadou of Kuki. There is a growing popularity of the usage of Thadou Kuki. Will this name be acceptable to all? Time will tell. Meanwhile, all the friends of Kuki-Chin languages wish them well in their pursuit of better life and better deal under the Constitution of India.


Source: http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/thadouversuskuki1.html