Inauguration of Delhi Evangelical Lutheran Church

The Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church (MELC) is inaugurating its diaspora congregation Delhi Evangelical Lutheran Church in New Delhi on March 1, 2009 at MP's Club, North Avenue near RML Hospital. The Bishop of MELC Rt. Rev. Dr. Ginkhanmung Zou extends his cordial invitation to grace its inaugurational function.

VAIGUON/PROGRAMME

1. Conductor: Mr. G.L Tungnungm, Accounts Officer, MELC
2. Praising Hymn : Aw, loupipen halleluiah
3. Invocation Prayer : Mother Nuomzavung, Chairperson, ELWA
4. Declaration of Delhi Evangelical Lutheran Church: Rt. Rev. Dr. Ginkhanmnung Zou, Bishop Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church (MELC)
5. Report and Introduction: Mr. G.L Tungnung, Accounts Officer, MELC
6. Induction Prayer & Blessings of the Local Church Committees: Upa P. Chinzahau, Deputy Moderator (MELC)
7. Induction Ceremony of Pastor T. Kamsuanlal : Rt. Rev. Dr. Ginkhanmung Zou, Bishop, Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church
8. Message: Bishop
9. Speech if any:
10.Praying Hymn : Mangpa Loupipen
11.Benediction: Pastor T. Kamsuanlal

GRAND FEAST - GRAND FEAST - GRAND FEAST
------------------------------------------------


DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE NEWS OF ESTABLISHING HOME CHURCHES IN DELHI

MELC Bishop kunga laithot

Rev. (Dr). Ginkhanmung,
Bishop of Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church,
Zomi Colony, Churachandpur, Manipur.

Delhi a MELC hattuom phutding a MELC Hqtrs Ulian te hingkuan ding nahi uh chi thu kana za ua, patau huai kasa mama mai uhi. Kum tampi Delhi a na um Zou tate in koima be leh phung, hattuom, ahau ajawng, alian ameng khenlou a Innkuon khat banga hinkhuo kana man khawm lai un, tambang thuthang kazah upen poi kasa mama uhi. Tuajiehin, tamthu genkhawm ding in Delhi a Zou um te kana kihan khawm ua, ZCF Chairman Pa Hauliankap Inn ah tuni date 25th February, 2009 nitah nai 7 PM to 11 PM tan tam anuai a min kigel teng peikhwm in kana kihou uhi.

MELC hattuom Delhi ah kiphut taleh, Zou tate lah ah khat leh khat kikal a tahsa leh hagau a kituohna akhan jawh sangin, khat leh khat kidaidan na, kimudana, kitheisiamlouna chite piangsah ding chi kamu jieh un, MELC Uliante hing kingaituo tha unlen, hattuom phut ding in hingkuan da un, chi a nget ding in kana kithu tuoh uhi.

Mipi peikhawm teng:

1. Rev. G.K. Samte, Pastor, ZCF.
2. Pa Hauliankap, Chairman, ZCF.
3. Pa. S.Khuplianmung, Pastor, House of Yaweh.
4. Pa Khakhai Zou, Joint Secretary, ZCF.
5. Pa Khamchinpau Zou, Advocate Delhi High Court.
6. Pa T. Zamlunmang,
7. Pa Lunminthang
8. Nu Chinglianchin, Treasurer, Ladies Deptt. ZCF.
9. Nu Ngaineiching, w/o Pastor S.K. Mung.
10. Nu Vungneiching, Chairperson, Ladies Deptt., ZCF.
11. Nu Chinkhannem
12. Tv. T. Thangminlien
13. Tv. S. Thangsuanmung, Chairman, Youth Deptt. ZCF.
14. Tv. T. Paulianthang,
15. Tv. P. Lalmalsawm
16. Pa M. Hauzalian
17. Tv. T. James Zou
18. Tv. S. Mangminlun
19. Tv. T. Lalboi
20. Nh. Lhingneiching
21. Nh. Neiting
22. Nh. Cicily Zou
23. Nh. Manlianching
24. Nh. S. Mary Zou.

Tam kahing ngetna pen uh, koima hattuom leh mimal a ding ahisih a, Delhi a Zou um teng ki itt sem nading leh Innlam a hattuom te khentuom neilou a kalam dawn thei chiet nading uh deina ahi bou hi. Tuaban ah, Delhi a hasa tah a hikhuo mang mi tawm te aki hi jiehin damlou hitan, shini manni, nopni dani chiang a nidang kaki deltuo bang ua kaki deltuo ua, kaki dontuo tou jel theina ding un leh Zou te kituoh nading khual na in, hing lunggel siam un len, hattuom phut ding in hingkuan da mai un, chi in ibieh uh Pasian min in kahing ngen uhi.

Tuaban ah, Zou sunga hattuom tuomtuom lamkai teng kungah koiman Delhi ah hattuom phuding vai hing hawm nai tadi sih un, chi kanget be uh ahi nalai hi.

Copy to:

1. Executive Secretary, Zou Presbyterian Church Synod.
2. Executive Secretary, Zou Christian Bible Church.
3. Executive Secretary, Thangkhal Christian Bible Church.

Tam atung a min kigel teng leh Delhi a Zou tate sih leh tang in,

(Khamchinpau Zou)
Convenor.
Mobile No. 9871205247

(T. Zamlunmang Zou)
Recording Secretary.
Mobile No. 9990671987.

New Delhi | 25th February, 2009.

---------------------------------------------

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Hinna Neite Khankhiet zie (Evolution of living things)

Leisiet tunga hinna hing piendân a kigên chiengin ngaidân tuomtuom a om a, thusim leh tuotdân dangdang a om hi. Tuate pawlkhat tam aneiah ka’ng tâlang ding hi.

1. Hinnaneiloute patsa thakhatthu a hinna pien thusim(hypothesis spontaneous generation): Sâintist pawlkhat in hinna kichi pen hinnaneiloute(abiogenesis) pansa hing kuondoh ahi a na chi uhhi.

Lungnoute leh thante pen ganta siluong tunga pansa hing pieng ahi chiin na gingta uhhi. Ngaluloh pen buonnawi leh buol veiden lah apat a hing pieng dânin na ngaisut uhhi. Kum 1668 in Francesco Redi in lungnoute, thante leh thoute pen thousite’n gantasite luong tunga a tûi uh, a thah zieh u’a hing piengkhie ahi, chiin na mudoh hi. Tua ahimanin, tam banga hinnaneite hing piendân thusim pen tuni’n a kipomthei nawnta sih a, a kipâimangta hi.

2. Tunglam thaneitu siemna thusim(hypothesis of special creation): Kum 150 vel peisa hun laiin, tunglam a thaneitu khat in hinnaneite a thaneina toh thakhat a bangmalou apata na siemkhie hi, chiin na kigingta hi. Ahivangin, tuni’n tam thusim pen sâins khantouna toh kizuiin mi tampite’n a kipomta sih hi.

3. Vanlam apata hinna chi leitung a hing kiehsuhna thusim(cosmozoic generation): Vannei mong lam patsa hing kipan hinna chi leitung ah hing kesuh in, tuachia hinnaneite hing pieng ahi, na chi pawlkhat na om hi. Mipil pawlkhatin âhsi lêngte(comets) pata hinna hing kipan ahi chiin a um uhhi. Tuni’n tami thusim pen a kipomta sih hi.

4. Hinnaneilou patsa hinnanei piendân thusim(Oparin’s Abiotic Theory )
Kum 4.8 billion peisa tuom in leisiet(Planet_Earth=leitang, leitung) na pieng ahi. Khangluisuonglim kimudohte sunga tulâi a, bacteria omte toh kisun sim tampite pen kum 3.3 billion a, upa(old) khangluisuonglimte tungah na kimudoh hi. Thûhta mai in gêlta lei pen, Nipihuong(solar system) ah, huisa mama nempite in nipi kuolkip in a na kipeipei hi. Nipihuong pen atom chituomtuom tampi kihalte khu huisa mama bawlung lum bangin vannei mong khat ah nipi kimkot in a na kipeipei leh kiviel den uhhi. Nipihuong sunga huisa leh leivui a na kivielviel chiengun, hunkhat zouin, a na khing simta uhhi. Tuachia a na khin(vot) sim chiengun, leitang(leisiet) lum lim leh mêl in a na kilumkhawm u’a, tuachiin leisiet lumte in a na kilang u’a, tuate khu solte(planets) a kichi hi.

Leitung(leisiet) zong solte lah a sol chikhat ahi. Tuachiin, leitung lâilung pen radioactive elementte nempi om ahimanin, a’ng khin chiengun, husa nempi a’ng pieng a, muolpâwh(volcano) tampi na pieng hi.

Vannei ah atom neupente lah ah hydrogen atom(H) a tampen hi. Hydrogen atom pen atom hal(active) mama ahiziehin, silbangkim teng toh kigawmthei, kihalthei leh kichimathei ahiziehin, Oxygen(O2) atom toh a’ng kichimat chiengin tûi(túi)(H2O) a’ng suoh hi. Nitrogen toh a’ng kichimat chiengin Ammonia(NH3) a suoh hi. Carbon toh hydrogen a’ng kichimat chiengin Methane(CH4) a’ng suoh hi. Tuachiin, leisiet pen na sa mama ahiziehin, tui pen tui maimai in a na omthei nâi sih a, a sat sêng sêng ziehin huikhuo ah tuihu na suoh paipai in na lêngmang thang let uhhi.
Pu Oparin - gêndân in, leisiet nâupanlâi in, a huikhuo sungah tuihu(water vapour), ammonia(NH3), leh methane(CH4) na om masapen uhhi. Chemical activityte na sua mama ahimanin atomte pen molecule tuomtuomte leh zat tampi na suoh zel uh ahi chiin a ngaisut hi. Suong tunga beh silicon, aluminium leh sia te pen oxygen toh na kichimat bai mama zel uhhi. Tuni’n zong singkungte patsa’n photosynthesis ziehin oxygen hing pawt sih leh, leitung a oxygen om zousie pen suongte toh kichimat in a beisiengta ding hi. Sâlevot(temperature) sâng mama ahimanin, tua hun lâiin, chemical reaction ziehin carbon toh dim moleculete chipen ‘simple organic silte’ na piengzou thamta va chiin a gingta hi.
Methane(CH4), Ammonia(NH3), leh Tui(H2O) in Alcohol(C2H5OH) ahilouleh Amino Acid(C2H5O2N) kisiemna díngin atomte na poimaw hi. Tua banga complex chemical silte siemna ding husa pen leitung husa leh kawlphemei(lightning) a patsa a hing kipan hi va chiin a kigingta hi. Kum tampi peizou chiengin tuikângpi, dîl leh buol ah tam organic moleculete vei in tuisa dâm veiden(hot thin soup) bangin a’ng omta hi. Tua amino acidte leh carbohydrate neute a’ng kigawmkhawm toutou chiengun organic macromolecule golte(polypeptides) na suoh zel hi. Tuate khu hinnanei chikhat na suoh hiva chithu a gen ahi.

Tuachiin, hinnaneilou apatin hinnanei na piengdoh ahi, a chi hi. Virus pen hinnaneilou ganhing chikhat ahi chithei ahi. Aziehpen, hinnanei cell khat tunga a’ng tuh chiengin ama in hinna a’ng neipan ahihi. Virus chini a khenthei ahi; RNA puo virus leh DNA puo virus. Singkung leh louhing viruste pen RNA puo zât ahi. Ganhing viruste pen DNA puo zât ahihi. Leitung hinnanei zousien chi tungah DNA ahilouleh RNA beh teitei ahi. DNA and RNA pen nucleic acidte ahibou hi. Deoxyribonucleic acid leh Recombinant nucleic acid china ahihi. DNA pen hinna siemna lim neupen ahihi. Hinna siemdân díng pen DNA sungah a om hi.

Tuaziehin, hinna kichi pen tuikangpi mong lam, buonnawi leh buonman opna mun khat patsa khanglui hun sawtpi laia, mun lem khat a, hinna molecule suongnu sungpan a na piengkhie hikha va chithu pen thusînna in a nei hi. Pasien in hinna khu leisiet pansa a na siem kichi khu a dih ma hileh kilawm hi.

Thumakâi(Introduction)

Lamarck leh Darwin in hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim a na suokhietdoh uh khu thutha a hisih a, khanglui lâi Romante, Greekte, Chinese, leh Muslimte in na mêlchi peh uh a na hi a, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang a, na kikhêl gige hichi thu pen mipilte’n a na theisa uh ahi. Ahivangin, tam bang thute na thei mana’nleh uh zong tualai hun a, ngâidân leh tuotdânte na omsate leh na kitheisate toh kidêhzou lou a nahi ziehin, tuami ngaituonate leh thusimte pen na piching zou lou suoh ahi. Sâins lamsang ah suichientheina chientah, suithûhna kitûptah na omlou ahimanin, tua bang tuotdân leh ngaisutna pen na lawching thei lou ahibou hi. Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa mihing kisiemdân khu zong dêhzou guol na hilou hi.

Lamarck leh Khankhietzie

Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) pen Paris khopi a Botany Professor minthang khat na hihi. Ama’n ‘Philosophic Zoologique’ laibu sungah Darwin thusim hing pien ma-in kumzalom 19 bul lam in, hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim na gen masapen ahi. Tua pen Lamarkism chiin a kithei hi. Tami thusim in hinnaneite lim leh mêl kikhêldânte( transmutation of species) hilchienna na a nei hi. Tuami thusim pen hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim kipulah masapen a suoh hi.

Lamarck gêndân in, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in hinnaneite tungah thunei nempi a nei hi, a na chi hi. Hinnanei khat in a chîn ngai khat a chîn gige a, a tahsa hieng khat a zah zing tua tahsa hieng pen kikhêlthei ahi. Tua tahsa hieng a zah gige a, ahileh, a tahsa lim leh mêl puohzie zong kikhêllamdang thei ahi. Tua banga kikhêlnate pen a hlâh a suonte tungah kipesawnthei ahi, chiin a na hil hi. Tuami tahsan hiengte a kizah mun leh tuate pen kikhêllamdangthei ahi a chi hi. Tua lou a, a kizah mun sih leh pen tuate pen hâtmaw sêmsêm in, tualeh zoi deudeu in hun sawtpi zaw chienga mangthâithei ahi, a na chi hi.

Tua bang pienzie kikhêlnate sunga pienzie lâhsawnte pen a khang a khang a chihlâhthei ahi, chi’n na gên hi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn (Inheritance of acquired characters ) a’ng nei chiengin a hlâh a suonte tungah a pesawn dinga a khangkhang in tam bang pienzie(trait) a neita ding uhhi, chiin na hil hi.

Gêntêna in, sangawngsâng(giraffe) ngawngtom(short-necked) khat in singkung saang a nâtâte a nêh sawm chiengin a ngawngtom khu a sâusah sawm zing dínga, a dohtou gige let dínga, a kêngte zong a kidohtou gige dínga, hun sawtpi zaw chiengin a ngawngtom leh a kêngtom pen khu ama thu in, a’ng sâuzawta díng hi, chiin a na gên hi. Sangawngsâng ngawngtom dente pen nâtâte bânpha zoulou ahimanun nêh díng mu zoulou in, a sigamta díng uhhi. A ngawngsâute pen nêh muzou ahi ziehun hlâh leh suonte tampite in tua pienzie lâhsawnte(acquired traits) a nei díng uhhi. Tuachi mabangin, gamléi leh buolna(environment) zil dungzuiin, gûlte zong a tahsa uh a sânsân na ziehun a tahsa uh sâu lawdoh ahia, singhawm suonghawm a kithothol gige zieh un, a kêngte uh a zang manta sih u’a, tuachi hun sawtpi zou chiengin a kêngte uh a mangthangta hi, a chi hi. Tuama bangin, chiâte zong léihawm, léinéi sunga busa den zing uh, ahimanun, a mit un khuo a mutheita sih uhhi. Tuivate zong tui a ngapngap ziehun, a kêngkâhte u’ah, kêng vunkibet(webbed feet) omta uhhi.

Lamarck thusim toh kizuiin mipil Pu Weismann ta bang pienzie lâhsawn pen a dih leh dihlou etkhietna dingin khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan hi. Tua banga khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan nua in zong tuami zu hlâh leh suonte’ mei pen tuntawng tuon sih a, tualeh a tom tuon sih hi. Siakhêngpa thapem gol pen sia a sâtsât na zieha thapem gol ahia, a hlâh leh suonte tuami thapem gol pen a pesawnthei tuon sih a, a lasawn thei tuom sih uhhi. Tua bangin Lamarck thusim pen a gen bangin a om gige tuon sih a, tua ziehin Lamarck thusim pen lâhtâhlou a na suohta hi.

Charles Darwin leh Khankhietzie(Evolution)

Tu kum February ni 12 ni pen Charles Robert Darwin pien kum a kum 200(zani) chin kum ahihi. Tua ziehin, leitung pumpi dínga a na pieh goumanpha; hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim (Theory of Evolution of living things) i minam sungah kitheichien leh chia ka’ng lêdoh ahi.

Charles Robert Darwin?-- (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) English hinnanei lam toh kisai mipil (naturalist) ahi.

Charles Darwin kichi hinnanei lam a mipil pen Shrewsbury, England gam ah mitêngthei mineizou innsung pan a na piengkhie ahi. Apa Dr. Robert na hia, a nu Susannah Wedgwood na hihi. Charles Darwin kum 8(giet) a phâh in a nu in a na muolliemsan hi. Anu si nua in, a pa leh a sanggam numeite’n a na enkoltou uhhi. Suohte etkol kawm in, inn nuomtah ah a na khanglien hi. Leisietsuimi(geologist) Adam Sedgwick(1785-1873) leh hinnanei lam a mipil John Stevens Henslow tegel pilna siemna mukhie in, ama ngaituonate tanpha a na tongkha(happen to influence) mama hi. John Henslow toh kipawl in, sisa hinnanei khanglui silte a na khawmton gel hi.


Kum 16 a chin kum 1825 kum in, Edinburgh, Scotland gam ah a pa’n doctor a na zilsah hi. Ahivangin, ama pen tua langah a lunglut sih hi. Tua hun laia, mi ki-âtte a mu chiengin a chimul a kilîng let hi. A peipidânte uh gum sêng a sah ziehin doctor zilna pen ngaisah lou in pen kum 1827 in a tawpsanta hi. Apa in theology zil dingin Cambridge ah kum 1828 in a na khumlut hi. Darwin pen tuipi ganhing chinguneiloute(marine invertebrates) suichien dingin Cambridge University in hinnalam pilna suidoh in a sawl hi.

Kum 1798 kum in Pu Thomas Malthus in Essay on the Principles of Population kichi laibu khat na suo hi. Ganhingte leh louhingte pen hlâh leh suon pung nuom mama hinnaneite ahi chiin na gên hi. Ama’n a hildân in, mihingte mising pen kum 25 chin chiengin, nêh leh tâhte a kitâhsap sih leh, a leni in a pung let díng uhhi, chiin a na phuong hi. Kum 1838 kum in Pu Darwin tuami laibu na sim a kuon in, thugûh khat a na theikhie hi. Tuami thu pen bang ahiei ? i chi leh, nêh leh tâhte a kiningchin pou a, nat leh sat a op si’a ahileh, hinnaneite pun huoisietdân a’ng mudoh a, a’ng theikhie hi.

Kikhêlna, kikhêllamdanna leh kihlenna khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) in a lampui ahi chiin a’ng theikhie hi. Tuachiin, Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) peidân(process) a’ng theichien dohta hi. Nêh leh tâhte muzou hinnaneite pen a dam sawt u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei un, a pienzie deihuoite a tâte tungah a chihlâh uhhi. Kikhêlna (i.genetic variation ii. variation )khu a kin sih a, a awl a, hun sawtpi lut ahibou hi. Khangluisuonglimte((fossils) patsa in tam thute a kitheithei hi. Khankhietzie tungtawn a lim leh kikhêllamdanna(Mutation) pen Kihinkhawina tungpan in a pieng hi.Tam banga kihinkhawite pen a pung deudeu u’a, a pienzie hoite uh a’ng tam sêmsêm a, tuachiin, hinnanei chituomte hing piengkhie uhhi. Tam bang kikhêlna khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi. Tam bangma in mihingte zong zawng leh ngâute(apes) patsa na pielkhie hlâh leh suonte ahi, a chi hi.


Mihing khankhietzie limlah (Zawng leh Ngâu mihinga hing kikhêlna limlah)

Natural Selection(kihinkhawina): Amasapen in hinnaneite khankhietzie bang ahiei ? chi i theithei nadíngin Natural Selection kichi gênchien sawm va ui. Hinnaneite tungpan a chihlâhthei pienzie deihuoite(favorable heritable traits) a hlâh leh a suonte tung pansa khang tampi peizou a, khumi pienzie deihuoite hing pung leh tam sêmsêm dinmun a dinna leh chî(gene) dangdangte a’ng pien zieha pienzie deihuoiloute hing kiem suh sêmsêm khu Natural Selection kichi ahi. Tami ziehin hinnanei chikhat zâtkhat pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, mun leh gam a’ng luodim uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna lemtan zieh leh puohzou zieha hinnaneite kihinkhawina khu Natural Selection ahi. Zohâm a Kihinkhawina chiin i minvaw díng uhhi.

Darwin; HMS Beagle têmbaw tung pan a Galápagos tuikuolgamte a khuolzinna

Kum 5 vingveng HMS Beagle têmbaw tungah tuong kawikawi in Pacific ocean tuikângpi sunga om Galápagos tuikuolgam(island) tampite a va vê kuolkuolta hi.

Tuami khuolzin sungin, leisiet piendân(geology) Charles Lyell lâibu a sim suohzaw in, leisiet hing piendân, leisiet khangluidân, leisiet pienthu leh tângthu thusim tampi a’ng theikhie hi. Kumzalom 18th lai hun in leisietsiem(geologist) te’n leitung pen kum sângtul sânga khangluiza leh upazaw ahi chi pen a theikhie u’a, Bible in a gên sânga zong upazaw tham lou in, leitung pen a hun dungzuia a lim leh mêl kikhêl zêl a na hilam a theikhie uhhi. Pasienzilmite(theologians) ngaisut banga thakhatthu kikhêl ahi sih hi,chi khu a theidoh uhhi. Khangluisuonglim(fossil) tampite zong a na kitoukhedoh a, muthei dingin mun tuomtuom apatin na kisuichien zou hi. Tuachiin, suongte in khanglui lai hun a hinnaneite lim leh mêl record in na kisim hi.

Galápagos tuikuolgam khat leh tuikuolgam dangdangte tunga têng vanêzum(finch)te pen a mêl a puom uh, a tuompien chiet in a theikhie hi. Darwin vanêzum nam 13(sawm leh thum) tah a na mukhie hi. South America gam a, a mu ngaisa vanêzum chikhat hlâhte kibang sa in, lamdang a sa hi. A nêzum leh a puom uh a etkâh chiengin a tuompien sim chiet uh a mukhie hi. Gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a tên zieh u’a, tuompien chiet un, kibangta lou uh, hiva chiin a um hi. Tuana vanêzumte pen nêh leh tâh sui dungzuia tuachia kikhêl hi ngêiva chiin a gingta hi. Ama’n a tuotna ah, a chîl in, tua vanêzumte pen South_America gam a hing kipan in khum tuikuolgam tuomtuom ah a na pêmlut uhhi, chiin a pom hi. Tuachia, mun tuom gam tuom a, ahing buol chiengun gamlei leh buolna dangdangte ah a’ng busata u’a, tuachiin dam leh bittah a, a hintheina dingun a mêl uh a’ng kikhêl zêl uhhi.

Khang tampi a’ng hi nua chiengin, nêh leh tâh mubaina leh mutheina díngin a chitung u’ah, mêllamdanna(variations, speciation) a’ng pieng hi. Tuachia kikhêltheite’n nêh leh tâhte kiningchingtahin a muthei u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei in, amaute pienzie deihuoite(favorable traits) khu a hlâh a suonte tungah chihlâh sawn uhhi. A pienzie deihuoite pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, hun hing pei zel in, tua hinnaneite pen chi tuom zât tuom in a’ng omta uhhi. Tam bang piendân pen Natural Selection tungtawn a hing omthei ahi. Kibahlouna leh mêllamdanna na om tama nanleh zong gamlei leh buolna in a têltuom khu Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi. Tuni’n tam bang mêllamdanna leh pienkikhêlna pen Adaptive radiation a kichi hi. Gamlei leh buolna in khum mêllamdanna omte lah ah,hoipen a kitêldoh hi.



Vanêzum chi tuomtuomte


Ganhingte leh louhingte lim leh mêl puohte tuomdeu leh dangdeu a mute a tuot chiengin mêltuomna(Biological Variations) “Speciation.” pen a’ng mudoh hi.

H.M.S Beagle Tembaw H.M.S Beagle’ kum 5 sung khuolzinna(1831-1836)

Tua hun sungin léisiet lam pilna tampi a na mudoh hi. Leitung a sing leh suong(vegetation) omte tampi a na mudohdânte ama’n Journal of voyage kichi laibu khat ah a mukhietteng a hilchien a, tuachiin leisiet lam toh kisai mipil tah khat in mipilte’n ama na pom uhhi. Singte(trees) leh antelouhingte(plants), Ganhingte(animals) leh gamsate(wild animals) leh khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kithêzâhdante a ngaisut chiengin Charles Darwin in chi khat apat a, chituom leh chidang puo in lim leh mêl kikhêl lamdanna bangchi kihlen/pien( transmutation of species) ahiei? chi pen a’ng tuotzaw chiengin Natural Selection Thusim(theory) kum 1838 in ama’n a na sutuo hi.



Hun sawt kuomtah tua tuikuolgamte sunga a’ng zah zou chiengin, Lai Siengthou sunga kigênsa mihing kisiemdân toh kikalthei dîng hinnaneite(mihingte) khankhietzie thusim(theory of human evolution) khat a’ng mukhie hi. Tuami pen ahileh; hinnanei zousie pen Natural Selection tungtawn a, pienna hlâhtute kibang(common ancestors) pansa hing kuondoh vive ahihi, chiin hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(Human Evolution) khat a’ng puongdoh hi.

Tua hunlai in mihing leh hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim pen gam leh haw ah na kigen minthang zouta hi. Ahivangin, koima’n thusim thuhtah leh pansia ding a na mu sih u’a, Darwin kichi pa khat in a thusim thuhte leh pansia techite na suikhiet dungzuiin ama pen a mu masapen khat suoh ahizaw hi. Mipil dangte’n zong tam bang thusim pen na ngaisut chiet ma uh leh zong, a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna theikhen lou un, na om uhhi. Darwin in a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna a’ng khenthei chiengin thusim lamdang mama khat a’ng mukhethei hi.

Ama’n a na theikhiet leh na pulah thupipen ahileh; tu-a hinnanei chituomtuom zousie pen hlâhtu kibang sungpan a na piengdoh leh na khanglien(Evolution Of Man ) ahi ban u’ah, kum tampi kivei in, Natural selection na kichi peidân(process) khat tungtawn a na khangkhetou leh na kikhêltou zêl uh ahi.

Darwin mukhiet mihing khankhietzie(Human Evolution) thusim(theory)(Darwin's Theory Of Evolution ) in hinna(nuntàtna) chi tuomtuomte pen kum sângtul(million) hun peisa hun in amate’ hlâhtu kibangte(common ancestors) apatin hinkhawina(natural selection) tungtawn in, na khanglienzou ahi, a na chi apatsa in leitung a pil leh siemte sâintiste ngaidan leh minâutangte(common people) ngaituodân na tuomsah zou hi.

Pu Charles Darwin in kum 1858 a, thusim a giel lâiin Pu Alfred Russel Wallace in ama’a toh kisûn thusim(theory) khat a hlâh a, Darwin thusim toh a kibang mama hi. Tuazaw in amani’n a thusim gêl Journal of the Linnaean Society ah a suoton uhhi. Charles Darwin in kum 1859, November hla ni 24 ni in On the Origin of Species laibu sungah Natural Selection kichi thutengte na giel masa hi. Tuani ma in tuami laibu pen a kizua sieng pai hi. Kum 1871 kum in The_Descent_of_Man and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex laibu nasuo hi. Pu Herbert Spencer in kum 1851 kum in thuguitawng(phrase) ‘survival of the fittest’ kigen minthang pen na zang masapen hi. A guolpa Pu Thomas Henry Huxley(1825-1895) in tuami Darwin laibu pen a’ng sim chiengin kichien mama a sa a, ama’n a na tuottheiloudante a ngaisut chiengin, a tha na mama, pum in a mawldanpi a phuongzah hi.

Tuami thusim peidan a’ng kithêzâh bep in leitung a mipil misiemte leh minâutângte ngaituona, lungsim leh theina tampi a tongkha(influence) hi. Bangzieh a, hinnanei scientist(sâintis) khat ta banga sâintis thupite- Galileo , Isaac Newton leh Albert_Einstein te toh kikimton a kithupi ngâi ahiei? chi pen ngaituo tham ching ahi, ka chi ut hi.

Charles Darwin mukhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(theory) tam aneia bang ahi:-

Charles Darwin in Lamarck thusim(theory) pen a na pom sih hi. Ama’n ‘Origin of Species’ laibu sunga a gen thupipente khu mêllamdanna, hinna kidemna leh hlâh leh suonte tunga pienzie chihlâhna(heredity). Ganhingte hun pei dungzuin a kikhêlzou uhhi. Tuni’a ganhing I mute uh, khanglui laia toh kibanglou ahi. Khanglui lâia ganhing tampite tuni’n a gam siengta uhhi. Leisiet a om den ahisih a, a kikhêl let ahi. Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) pen têchi(evidence) hoi mama pawlkhat ahihi.

Leitung a hinnanei gamsate, ganhingte, ganingte(insects), singkung leh antelouhingte pen a hlâhtu(ancstor) kibang(common, same) patsa hing kipankhie ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kivei zouin, lim leh mêl tuomtuom chiet in a’ng kikhêl uhhi. Hinnaneite pen a’ng pun chiengun tahsa hoinate leh sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, a dangte pen a sigam let hi. Pienzie neihoite bou a hing u’a, a poumaw a piengmawte pen a gam sieng let hi. Tam bang kikhêlna ziehin hinnaneite in mêl leh puom, tahsapien, sisan tuomna a na nei uh khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi.

(chi tuomtuomte)

(a kibang hlâhtute)
Hlâh leh suon singkung

1. Gâsuonna nempi(enormous fertility): Hinnanei zousie tup thupipen ahileh hlâh leh suon, ta leh nau nei ding, damsawt ding chi ahihi. Gâsuonna(fertility) nempi leh lamdangtah ziehin hinnaneite(Living Things-plants and animals, organisms) pen a leni in a pung zel u’a, a khang a khang in a leni sawnsawn in a mising(population) in a pung sêmsêm uhhi. Tam bang pundân pen Mângkam in geometric series(1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128--) a pung let a kichi hi. Tam banga a’ng pun chiengun, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in a puohzou lou in, nêh leh táhte muzou lou khop in a pung let uhhi. Tam pen bangchi banga piengthei ahiei chi pen tam aneia bang in a kigen hi. Hinnaneite pen hlâh leh suon neina lam ah a pung tam bai mama uhhi. Akhang akhang in kop khat khu kop ni a suoh a, kopni khu kop li a suoh a, kop li khu kop giet a suoh a, tam chiin a leni sim in a pung let hi. Manghâm in geometric series(GP) a, pung a kichi hi. Geometric series (2-4-8-16-32-64-128…). Tam banga ganhingte a pun huoisiet vangin, kihinkhawina in a phal let sih a, tampipi a sigam zel u’a, tuachiin ganhingte mising a hunbep khat in a omden hi.

Leitung a hinnanei ganhingte, singkungte leh gamsate hlâh leh suonte khu dam chietta uh henlen hlâh leh suonte nei kim kia chietta uh leh, pen leitung pumpi a luodim paita ding uhhi. Darwin tam thute pen angka(math) tuottuona zangin a khuot hi. Ama’n a mukhietdan a gielna ah hichiin a gen hi.

Darwin in hichi in na gen hi, “Sâi pen gantate lah a, hlâh leh suon neiha mama leh nei vaigei pen vawt khat ahi. Sâi nupa khat nâunei ding dan leh a pundan ding ka tuottuo chiengin a nâipen in kum 30 a chin(upat) chiengin sâipi khat in nâu(ta)neita henlen, tuachiin kum 90 a upat tandongin a tawmpen in ta 6(guh) nei tamaleh, kum 750 hun peizou chiengin tam sâi nupa patsa’n a hlâh leh suon piengkheteng dam kim chiet uhleh, pen sâi 19,000,000(sângtul 19) pha phiel díng hi” a chi hi.

2. Hinna kituna (Struggle for existence) Hinnaneite ahilouleh Ganhingte missing(census, population) pen gamléi leh buolna mun a nêh leh tâhte in a puohzoulou leh vâhzoulou chiengun, amauh leh amauh kidem(struggle, compete) leh kitu(fight for, contest) zing in a hing uhhi. “Nê inlen kinesah in’(eat and be eaten) chidan hinkhuo mangin hinnaneite a om uhhi. Hinna dei ziehin a kidem a kidou ngitnget uhhi. Kidemna chi thum a om hi;

i) Amauh leh amauh kikâl a ann, kibuhna, kibuolna, vâh leh sil dangdang kitu a kidem gige na khu innsung a kituna Intraspecific Struggle kichi ahi. Numei pasal chi bang tel tuomna tualeh neita zonna chite bang kideitelna leh kidemna chikhat ahi.

ii) Anina ah, hinnanei chikhat leh chituom kidemna leh kidouna khu Interspecific struggle kichi ahi. Gêntêna díngin, sakhi ahisihleh sazuh humpi khat in a mat sawm chienga a pîtsawm, a kituh dam khu china ahi.

iii) Gamléi leh buolna toh kidemna(Struggle with environment): Gamlei leh buolna sungah hamsatna chituomtuom a’ng tun chiengin hinnaneite’n thuoh hasa a sa mama uhhi.Gamsat, gamgaw, vot leh sat, tuilien, leitung satna leh huikhuo kikhêl ziehin hinnaneite’n gentheina tampi a tuoh uhhi. Tamte khu gamlei leh buolna toh kidemna kichi ahi.

3. Mêllamdanna leh Chihlâhna(Variation and Heredity)-

Pienna nu leh pa ahisihleh chîkhat(one species) sunga mêl leh puom tuomna, kikhêlna, kibahlouna, kilamdanna, chituomna leh mêltuomna khu Mêllamdanna kichi ahi.

Khankhietzie pientheina dingin, tam mêllamdanna khu poimaw leh kul ahihi. Tam gel tel louin hinnaneite khankhietzie piengthei lou ahi. Tam bang mêllamdanna pen chihlâh a opthei sih leh khankhietzie omthei tuon lou ahi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn(acquired traits)te pen chihlâhthei(heritable) ahi têi ngâi ahi. Tua bang a’ng hithei chienga khankhietzie a’ng piengthei pan ahi. Lamarck thusim kipomtheilouna pen pienzie kichhlâhthei lou zieh ahi.

4. Kihinkhawina ahilouleh Achìngpên damna(Natural Selection or Survival of the fittest):

Hinnanei tampite kidem leh kidou in a hinkhuo uh amang zel uhhi. Hinanleh, sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, tuate neiloute pen a simang zel uhhi.

Nêh leh táhte(resources) muzou lou ziehin amauh leh amauh kidem in a’ng om u’a, , nêh leh táhte kitu in a kibântha zel uhhi. Tuachia a’ng op chiengun a lah u’a, a hâtpen leh a chìngpente a hing(dam) u’a, a poumaw/piengmaw/hâtmawte a sigam uhhi. Tam bang optandân pen Darwin ma-in Herbert Spencer in achìngpen kihinkhawna khu ‘survival of the fittest’ a na chi hi. Hinnaneite lah a a chìngpente’n a tahsa tunga a chiziete(genes) khu a hlâh leh suonte tungah a pesawn leh a chihlâh sawn u’a, tuachiin a khang uh a hoipien sêm hi. Tua ziehin, a chìngpen a hing/dam a, hlâh leh suon tampi a neithei uhhi.

A piengmawte pen chihlâh neilouin a si uhhi. Achíngloute leh a poumawte pen gên selouin a mangthang u’a, a sigam sieng zêl hi. Tam bang kideitêlna leh kichitelna pen Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi.

5. Gamléi leh buolna kihlen zieha mêllamdanna pieng(Variations due to changing environment):

Gam leh léitang hoi mun a, hinnanei khangliente leh têngte adíngin damna leh bitna a hoi sêm a, tuachiin a pung sêmsêm thei uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna hamsatna leh gentheina a’ng tun dungzuiin hinnaneite pen in kikhêltheina pienzie a nei uh kul hi. Tuachi sih leh a dam zou sih ding u’a, a gam siengta ding uhhi.

Tuachiin a hlâh a suonte tungah a chî hoinate pesawn in, a chihlâh u’a, gamlei leh buolna in a opkhum zâl in, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang in, lim leh mêl kikhêlna nei toutuou in, kum tampi nua chiengin, a pienna kibang hinapiin, chituomtuom nam tuomtuom bangin ahing omta uhhi.

6. Origin of Species

Darwin gêndân in, hinnanei chi kibangte khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia a dam chiet uh a, a kihinkhawi u’a ahileh, khang tampi kum tampi zaw chiengin tua chi kibang hinnaneite pen a hlâhtu leh a pienna nu leh pate toh a lim a mêl uh, a puom uh a kisunta sih díng u’a, tuachiin amate pen chituom zât tuom bangin a kisimta díng hi.

Kum sângtultul tungtawn a hichi bang peidân zuiin kikhêlna na pieng den ahita ziehin, hinnanei masapen; hlâhtu masapen, patsa tunia hinnanei; ganhingte leh louhingte na piengkhie ahihi. Khang tampi a’ng peizou chiengin hinnanei chi kibang luite kihinkhawina ziehin a’ng kikhenkhie zêl u’a, tuachiin chituom deu leh chitha a na lêngkhie let hi. Humpi, Tawpi, Ngêu, Gielpawl, Kâmkei, Taw-u(To-u) ganhingte in kibahna nempi nei ahi ziehun, amaute pen mêllamdanna leh kihinkhawina zieha hlâhtu kibang patsa, na kikhenkhedoh uh ahi uhhi. Tuachiin, tuniin amaute pen chituom nam(species) tuom bangin a kisimta hi.

Darwin thusim(theory) tomkim in tam aneia bang ahi.

1. Hinnaneite a’ng pun chiengun kidemna a’ng pieng a, ahivangin, a mising uh a ngaingai in a khawlden hi.
2. Kidemna a’ng op chiengin achìngpente a khinkhawina ziehin mêllamdanna leh chihlâhna a tung hi.
3. Achìngpente gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuiin a’ng damzou u’a pienzie deihuoite a chitung u’ah a puo u’a, tuachiin a hlâh leh a suonte uh tungah a chihlâh sawn zêl uhhi. Tuachia kum tampi a khang akhang a, a’ng kichihlâh toutou chiengun hlâhtu kibang patsa’n hinnanei chituom nam tuom a’ng piengkhie hi.


Hinnaneite khankhietzie têchite bangteng a om ei? (Evolution evidences)

Hinnaneite khankhietzie techite ganhingte khangguolna, mêlpuohdân, pienchîltui (embryology),kimatkaina(link),khangluileisietsuina(palaentology), tahsapien(physiology) leh leitung ganhingte kihawmzâhdân te tungpan in a kitheithei hi.

i) Khangguolna(Taxonomy); ganhingte a khangsimna uh, a neupen apat a lienzaw lam a ahing kiguol a, ahing kisim leh, hinnaneite pen cell khat maimai patsa cell nempi nei ganhing in a’ng kiguol toutou hi. Tam in bang a etsah e? i chi leh, ganhingte pen cell khat a pat a na piengkhie in, khankhietzie zieha ganhing cell tampi nei na suoh ahi uhhi.

ii) Mêlpuohdân(Morphology): Mihing khut, sakol kêng, bâh hla, nga ngingku, Artic seal khut-hiem leh adangdangte pen a sep(toh) díng uh kibang a na kibawl ahihi, hinanleh, gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a na op zieh u’a, mêl kikim leh kibang a, na pieng lou ahi. Tam pen Homology kichi ahi. Vestigial organs kichite khanglui laiin, a panna na om ma leh zong tuchiengin a pannabei in tahsa hieng bangin a mawh omta hi. Etsahnate; sampi keme, nausen meigu, kiwi meitom, ostrich hlakui, mihing gilpeng, mihing meigu, mihing bilngêh leh adangdangte ahihi.

iii) Kimatkaina(connecting links

Tang a kimkhat reptile, a kimkhat mammal, a tui a thah vanga, mammal banga a mul nei vethou. Archaeopteryx kichi pen a kimkhat va a kimkhat reptile tuitha ganhing chikhat na hihi, reptile te apat a vate na lêngkhie ahi, chi pen kitheichienta hi.

iv) Pienchîltuisimna(embryology) patsa’n khankhietzie a kitheithei hi.
Ganhingte pienchîltui(embryo) te a upatdân a kibah laitah a, a ki-etton chiengin, a lim a mêl uh a kibang chiet u’a, khenkhietdân hasa mama hi.

v) Tahsapien(physiology): Mihing sisan group A, B, AB ahilouleh O ahithei a, A leh B group te ngâute sisan ah zong a kimuthei hi. Zawngte sisan tam bang a om sih hi. Tua ahimanin, ngâute pen mihingte natna veithei in a kithei hi. Tahsapien kibahna khu khankhietzie na pien zieh ahi. Thyroid gland te mihing leh ganhingte sa tungah a om a, tuami in tahsapien kibahna a’ng tun hi.

vi) Ganhingte kihawmzâhdân: Leitung a ganhingte mun tuom gam tuom ah a têng uhhi. Gam leh muol sâlevot kibah dungzuiin ganhingte zong kibang chiet deidoi sam hi. Gamsa gam India leh Africa gamte ah saite a om a, Brazil gam ah sai a om sih hi. Marsupial leh montreme te New Zealand leh Australia a om u’a, gam dang ah a om sih uhhi. Creataceous khang; Gondwana gambup leh Australia gambup na kikhenkhiet lai hun a, marsupialte leh monotremete a tuom in na têng u’a, chi tuom nam tuom na suoh uhhi.

vii) Khangluileisietsuina(palaentology): Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) zilna khu Palaeontology kichi ahi. Khanglui laia, ganhingte sisate suongsuoh pawlkhat khu suong tung suong sungah a kilang let uhhi. Gahing khat suong a suo chienga tua bang suodân khu Petrification kichi ahi. Petrification pen suongsuoh chithei ahi. Nidanglaia, singna, ganingte hlakui, gamsate, vate gu leh tângte, dinosal gute, vuasaite, chingpi gute leh adangdangte na kigawlching khu khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kichi ahi. Tamte patsa’n etsahna dingin sakol hing kipatna a hlâhtu masapen a’ng kitheithei a, a kikhêldânte khangluisuonglimte tungah etthei díngin a na kimudoh hi.

Tulai sakolte pen sakol bang Eohippus patsa na pielkhie dân ahi thu theichien in a om hi. Tuazawin, Mesohippus a’ng lêngkhie a, tuazouin, Merychippus a na piel a, tuachiin tunia i sakol mute uh pen Equus kichi sakol hlâhtu pansa hing pieng ahi.

Biehna leh Scientiste demna

Darwin in a thusim a’ng pulah zou a kipatin, tuami thusim demse ding scientist tampite leh biehna lam siempute tampite na om hi. Ama’n scientist khangdawngte pen a thuzawzou a, hinanleh, scientist minthang Pu Richard Owen leh leisietsiem leh hinnasuisiem(biologist); Pu Louis Agassiz te a na thuzawzou sih hi.

Church of England in a mawpai pai sih hi. Siempu pawlkhat in tuami thusim pen Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa Pasien updân leh Pasien thu leh la(theology) toh kikêlkî ahimanin, tua pen ginna susethei ahi chiin na nielkal uhhi. Darwin lawmte; Adam Sedgwick leh John Stevens Henslow tegel leh Charles Hodge in a pom sih uhhi. Thomas Henry Huxley in Darwin thusim pen nâhpitahin a panpi a, ama pen Darwin ‘bulldog’ chiin na kiminvaw va-iah hi. Kum 1860 kum in Oxford ah Evolution Debate khat na om hi. Tuanah, Oxford Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in na ha nielkal hi. Joseph Hooker in a na hu hi. Siempu Charles Kinsley in hinnaneite kihinkhawina Pasien silsiem vanzah khat hiva chiin a updân thu a phuong hi.

A lâibu suokhiet ‘Origin of Species’ patsa’n Lâi Siengtho bung Siemchîlbu sunga na kigielsa; Pasien in mihing na siemdân kalthei dínga ahing optâh chiengin biehna siempu tampite na buoisezâh gawp uhhi. Siemtu khat in mihing leh ganhingte na siem ahi chia, Lâi Siengtho sunga na kigielsa leh mihingte na upsa ginna pen demse dân a, a’ng optâh chiengin siempu pawlkhat in Charles Darwin pen ginsuolna bawltu (heresy) ahi chiin thâ díng mat díngin vâi a na hawm uhhi. Mihing leh silbangkim Pasien na khên,na siem leh na suhtûp ahi, chi pen biehna lamkâite’n a gên thupi uhhi. Manghâm in Intelligent Design theory a kichi hi. Thuneitu tungnungpenpa khat in silbangkim a na khên(designed) ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Bangteng hita ma nanleh zong hinnanei kichite khu cell neunou khat a patsa hing kipan hima uh leh zong tua cell neunou pen khu Pasien siem ahi veve hi, chiin a pom thou uhhi.

Catholic Biehna in hinnaneite khankhietzie a na pomdân(Vatican view of evolution)pen Darwin thusim toh na kikal pumpâng tuon si’a, a na pom siem veve hi. Catholic Biehna Pa Pope Pius XII in kum 1950 kum in thusuobu(Encyclicals/Humani_Generis) ah, Darwin thusim tungtâng thute ngâidân a na phuongzâh hi. Tuami ahileh; Biehna in silsiemte leh hinnaneite khankhietzie suichienna leh thukupna lamsang khu mipil misiemte’n Pasien thu leh late, toh kikumkal lou a, a suichienthei nâh uh leh, tuate pen khâm ahi sih hi, chiin thuphuonna na bawl hi. Tua bân ah, mihing hing pienna toh kisai thute ah, mihing khu hinnaneite hlâhtu kibang chikhat pansa hing kuon ahi, chi toh kizuiin, upna leh ginna lam ah pen mihing hlagâu(hla) khu Pasien siem ma ahi chiin a pomkip hi. Pa Pope John Paul II(anina) in hinnaneite khankhietzie khu a dih ma ahi, chiin na gênzou hi(Catholic view of Evolution and Darwin).

Khangluileisietsuina(Paleontology): Khangluileisiet kimudohte patsa’n hinnaneite khankhietzie a kitheithei hi, chiin a kigen hi. Ahivanga, hinnaneite khankhietzie a kingaisut tahtah chiengin ganhing khat leh ganhing khat hei sung taha na kikhendoh uh ahiei? chipen mu hamsa mama hi. Nu sung pa sung khat a na kuondoh himauhleh zong bangpen a na kipetuo uh e, bangchih hun a na kikhen uh ahi uoi? Gentêna khat ah, dinosalte patsa vabang Archaeopteryx na kuondoh ahi i chitâh u’a, ahileh, tuate gel kikâl a ganhingte bang lim leh mêl a na hi diei? chi pen i ngaituo chiengin sil ngaituo hasa mama pi khat a suoh hi.

Ngâute patsa mihing hing kuondoh ahiei? (Man from Apes ?)
Mipil pawlkhatte’n khangluisuonglim kimudohte leh kitoudohte pansa’n hinnanei khankhietzie thusim pen a mân ma ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Ahivangin, Pasien silsiem gingtate vangin, mihing khankhietzie têchite pen khangluisuonglim tuntawngte na kimudohte pou ahi; ha them, hate, pheigu(malgu) tawng pou, talpang gu halthem, khagu, khelgu pou na hihi. Hinnaneisuisiemte’n tua gu kimudohte a na suhtuotuo un, khuchiin, khanglui lâia mihing lim leh mêl toh kisun in na bawltawm uh ahi, chiin a nuol uhhi.
Tam bang gu leh tâng kimudohte pen kimkhatte zuouthu zuounâl toh na kibawl hi chiin na kitheikhie zêl hi.

Kikhêllamdanna(Mutations): Darwin thusim peipidân pen kum sângtultul lam peizaw chienga silpieng thute a gênna ahibou hi. Hinanleh, a thusim in thakhat a hinnaneite kikhêllamdanna peidân a hilchien thei sih hi. Tam bang thakhat a kikhêllamdannate(Mutations) pen a hoina lam ah a pei sih a, se lam ah a lêng hi. Bawng kineilou, ngêu mulbei, ui meineilou te pen kikhêllamdanna zieh ahihi. Tua ahimanin, Darwin thusim pen kiptah a, pomthei lou a suoh hi.

Kihinkhawina têchite(evidences)

Industrial Revolution laiin khawlte patsa’n innkîng leh leivom nempi na pawtdohte in singkungte a vomsah a, singpante a gamsah hi. Tua ziehin chithah kâng a na tawmsuh a, chithah vom na pung hi. Chithah vomte(peppered-moth, black moth) pen vâte in a muchienthei lou uh ahimanin, a pung deudeu u’a, chithah kângte(light-coloured moths) mising(population, number) pen a kiem deudeu uhhi. Tam in chithah khankhietzie leh mêllamdanna chientah in a kawmu hi. Global warming ziehin, khinkhawina optheina dingin, Japan gam ah tuikeppâte in a sex(numei ahilouleh pasal hina) uh a khêlthei uh hi.

John Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel, modern genetics pa pen Darwin toh khanguol a na hi uhhi. Darwin puohkhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim leh Mendel genetics tamte gel kigawm in Synthetic Theory of Evolution ahisihleh Neo-Darwinism ahilouleh Modern evolutionary synthesis chiin mintha a na kivaw hi. Natural selection ziehin a damsawt leh a damsaute in hlâh leh suon tam a neithei uhhi.

---------------------------------------
Translated into Zohâm/Zokam by Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)


.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Lutherans in Delhi: To be or not to be?

- Dr. David Lalpi, Noida

These are times that try our souls. News of MELC’s plan for Delhi expansion has agitated the alert minds of our Zou community here.

Back at home in Manipur, my family is an ardent adherent of the Lutheran church; and to that extent, I consider myself a member of this denomination. But living in a metropolitan city like Delhi, I think our secular and legal identity as “Zou tribe” has more relevance in everyday lives.

The Zou community rightly takes pride in our historic and enduring association with ZCF, the mother of all ethnic Zo Christians in Delhi. Till now, we are not forced to make a cruel choice between our loyalty to our common Christian identity and our conflicting sectarian allegiances like MELC, ZPCS or ZCBC.

Past experience affirmed that ZCF is a “Free Church” that has an intellectual legacy challenging us to expand our minds, to transcend our “narrow domestic walls,” and to explore more inclusive religious possibilities. This exposure allows for an expansive community bond that sustains our sojourns in Delhi, a strange land for many of us.

Against all odds, a slightly different version of Free Church has been held up by the Kuki Worship Service in certain cities of India. Unlike the predominantly Baptist Paites, the diverse nature of denominational affiliations among the Kukis and the Zous makes Free Church the best model available in our present condition. We don’t need sectarian zealots here. But we yearn for visionaries who appreciate social solidarity beyond one’s local church – a community of interest based on shared language, history and culture.

It will be a tragedy of history if we in Delhi fail to learn any lesson from the recent Shillong Split of ZWS, and the bitterness of spirit created by such sectarian divisions and social segregation. Are we tempted by short-term financial benefits in tithe harvesting, or sentimental feeling of victory in extending a sectarian empire, or temporary gains in membership statistics? If anyone glories in these, I despise such mean souls.

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Zeliangrong body on Kuki-Naga villages issue

Newmai News Network | Imphal | February 26 : The Zeliangrong Youth Front (Assam, Manipur and Nagaland), ZYF-AMN has called for maintaining of status quo in connection with the resettlement activities of the Naga-Kuki villages in the Tamenglong and Churachandpur districts as of today and not as of 16 years ago, prior to the 1993 Naga-Kuki ethnic clash. Romeo Palmei, general secretary of the youth front informed Newmai News Network (NNN) that the ZYF (AMN) in its annual assembly on Tuesday, February 24 at Longlei Apinjang, Ganglon Part-IV of Nungba sub-division in Tamenglong district resolved that “status quo should be maintained in connection with any resettlement activities of Naga-Kuki villages as of today since 1993”.

The assembly also resolved that the Longlei Apinjang, Ganglon – IV should remain a genuine Zeliangrong village and that Khongbung was deserted since the past 16 years.
The general secretary also informed that the Kuki brethrens had deserted their places in the Zeliangrong region way back in 1993 during the Naga-Kuki clash and so too with the Zeliangrong people of their places in Churachandpur district. And since then the Zeliangrong people have sheltered in the then places of the Kuki brethrens and probably the Kuki brethrens in Churachandpur with the then places of the Zeliangrong people. In this regard, the annual meeting of the ZYF (AMN) resolved the status quo of the last 16 years to be maintained in the resettlement activities, informing that the Kuki brethrens had come with requests to re-live in their once places again.

On this matter, the meeting also resolved to take up a special initiative to convene inter-tribe meeting of apex tribal bodies especially Zeliangrong Union and Kuki Inpi including concerned members of legislative assembly (MLAs) of Zeliangrong and Churachandpur districts, informed Romeo, general secretary of the ZYF (AMN).

The ZYF also strongly condemned the recent firing incident of January 18 last at Thanagong-Duithanjang, Khoupum Valley of Tamenglong district between two rivals groups of underground cadres in which five persons were killed besides causing panic to the civilians. The youth front also appealed to all concerned not to repeat such violence in public places. - Newmai News Network

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

The Black and White of Zou Sangnaupang Pawlpi

- Zamkholian Manlun

The new century marked a general transitions for mankind to the ``Press Button’’ stage of technology, that open a new vista (a variety of things that might happen or be possible in the future.) of development that pose several problem that could be solved only by a cleaver brain. So mankind should be prepared to face the new challenge that emerged and will be emerging. This implies setting up of a student body which will be strong enough to face such challenge.

ZSP is a students body assigned to perform certain task appertain exclusively to education and its pace setting activities. It always must be a pace setting organization, a centre for educational excellence, development of talents , a body that look forwards to encourage and promote democracy and provide maximum opportunity to utilized human potentials in bringing up quality Leader.

With an aim to clarify/illustrate the exact duties of a student body and its separation and non interference with any sorts of filthy Indian politics and cunning politicians, let elaborate in black or white the exact aim and duties of a student body & its limitations. No doubt till date due to ignorance and false guidance we have crossed our limitations and have committed mistake over mistakes and involved in dirty and unhygenic politics.

Aims: as a whole any student organisatiion has a common aim i.e. to promote education and produce quality education. Going deep in to the context of our community, there ere certain basic things that we have to involve to . We need to penetrate down to the grass root and educate the common mass in the field of studies, social issues/evils, ecological issues, constitutional duties and the framing of nation as a whole, above all the deep causes is to inculcate a sense of humanity in the heart of the new budding generation.

Functions:

It is an accepted fact that education give a tremendous changes in human life, the all round development of man’s physical fitness, mental alertness, moral excellence and social adjustment.

So as to boost education in our society a student organ. Has to play important role and take up Several functions such as;

Academic activities:

· The foremost duty is to educate the common mass,: taking a great concerns on the literacy condition of our community it is highly necessary to educate the common mass the value and consciousness of education ,make sure that all children took their schooling

· Special coaching so far conducted was found helpful, successful and productive and thus it should be continued with better management and higher inspiration with proper motivation better facilities

· Periodical progress reports of school wise or students wise be analysis and further steps be suggested.

· Periodical Inspectional Visit to schools and ensuring proper class room furniture, ventilations, cleanliness, safe drinking water etc are being provided well and sufficient.

Arrangements of school busses:

· Control fee hikes; Fees status be control in proportionate with the economic condition of our society.

· Better implementation of Govt. Schools in the remote villages in consultants with the high authority of the dist. Education officers.

Literary activities:

So as to boost up or enhance the academic set up. It is recommended to conduct certain literal activities such as:

· General knowledge Quiz competition
· Poetry composition and recitation and essay writings
· Science and social science exhibition
· Debate on burning issues which is found to be educational.

Visual and performing art;

Drama, short play,mime,mimicry, dances, singing, painting competitions,Disc.jockeying, Video jockeying.

Career and guidance :

Students should be motivated and inspired with proper guidance and make sure that they follow the right part to their fortune and future.

Ensuring students rights:

Mental and physical tortures on students such as capital punishments, harassments, ragging, verbal tortures, caste and gender discrimination, exploitation must be tackle:

· Grievance box be arranged so that any students can share their grievance and problems.
· ZSP should ensure that all children below 14 yrs be given education and no child be engaged in any manual Labour.
· Should voice Reservation of seats for ST in colleges and universities.
· Proper sanction of scholarships to students by Tribal welfare also be look into.
· Should obliged proper functioning of Primary and Missionary schools in the remote areas/ hill areas.

Physical educational activities:

Organizing of team or individual games such as football, volley ball, long jumps, badminton, chees, mountaineering, tracking, and educational expeditions. Etc.

Besides these students body should made arrangement for certain selected students to participate in science congress, workshops, seminars etc. organized in different levels

Social service activities:

So as to inculcate the sense of humanity and services certain activities must be conducted such as:

· Cleanliness drive
· Adult literacy ( to make them at least read and sign)
· Plantation
· Rally for awareness of global warming, pollution control, aids,

Limitations

Being framed under provision of UZO it should act under the frame work of its constitutions abiding strict functions and power with limitations.

· All activities should be in concern with our parent Orgn. UZO.
· It should not indulge or guide any students to involve in any political related activities. such as election campaign., strikes, Bandhs,
· ZSP should not have any particular support for any political party in any parliamentary elections.
· Students body must be totally keep apart from all political issues.

ZSP has a big role and responsibilities to frame and shape our future. Shaping a child is shaping our future. I should say that we are quite slow in our move, US ARMY shout in the war field ..MOVE… MOVE.. so lets move now …

… children of tomorrow ,stand tall for your future in blooming…coz Our Lord has start turning his face upon us.

Above all our main emphasis will be
`` only Education and education only’’

------------------------------------------
In case, if you want to reach the author:
jkmanlun@gmail.com
09613354716

The author, Mr. Zamkholian Manlun @ JK Manlun is a Senior Librarian in Assam Jawajawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ministry of Human Resource Dev. Dept. of Hr. Ddn. Govt of India. He is one of the very best and great song composer among the Zo community in India and Burma.

-----------------------------------------

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Mizo Union, 1947 (Memoranda) | The Golden File - How Far it take us?

MIZO MEMORANDUM | Memorandum of the case of the Mizo people for the right of territorial unity and solidarity and self-determination within the province of Assam in free India submitted to His Majesty’s Government and the Government of India and its constituent Assembly through the Advisory Sub-Committee for Assam and fully excluded areas and partially excluded areas.

Pursuant to the resolution passed by the General Assembly of the Mizo Union at Aijal in September 1946 subsequently supported by the Mizo Conference at Lakhipur (Cachar) in November 1946 this memorandum prepared by the Mizo Union and supported by the Mizos outside the Lushai Hills –Manipur State, Cachar, Tripura and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, etc.

The memorandum seeks to represent the case of Mizo people for territorial unity and integrity of the whole Mizo population and full self-determination within the province of Assam for the realization of which an appeal is made to His Majesty’s Government, the Government of India and its constituent Assembly to make a special financial provision from year to year for a period of ten years or until such time as the Mizos shall assert that they can maintain their self determination without this financial provision.

THE PEOPLE AND THE LAND

The Mizos are a numerous family of tribes, closely knitted together by common tradition, custom, culture, mode of living, language and rites. They are spread over a wider area extending far beyond Manipur State, Cachar, Tripura State, Chittagong Hill Tracts and Burma contiguous with the boundaries of the present Lushai-Hills District which was carved out arbitrarily for administrative purpose.

The Mizo people have been known under different names. They were wrongly identified as Kukis during the time of Lord Warren Hastings when Administrator of Chittagong sought help of the British against the Kuki raiders, and it continued to be applied to the whole group until 1871 when it was supplanted by the term Lushai as a result of the active and prominent part taken by the Lushai, sub-tribe of Mizo race, against the British Expedition known as the First Lushai Expedition. The present Lushai-Hills District was thus curved out of the Mizoland for administrative convenience and the Mizo people living within the District came to be known as Lushais while the other Mizos left out of the Lushai Hills District and annexed to the surrounding Districts, continued to be known as Kuki without their consent. However, the solidarity of the Mizo people as a race and a distinct block is testified by the name of places, mountains, and ranges of the Lushai Hills, Cachar, Manipur, Tripura, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Burma, known and called after the names of them. Shakespeare, Stevenson, Liangkhaia, Shaw, Kingdonward and Kim of the Statesman are some of the authorities on this.

The Mizos have nothing in common with the plains nor with the Naga or Manipuri, etc. They are distinct block. The areas now under their occupation are mostly hilly except the eastern portion of Cachar district extending to the Barial range in the North Cachar Hills. Wherever they go and wherever they are, they carry with them their primitive customs, cultures and mode of living in its purest origin, always calling and identifying themselves as Mizo.

The nomenclature of the word ‘KUKI’ was and is known to the Mizos; it was a name merely given to them by the neighbouring foreigners.

Again, it was wrong that the word Lushai should be used as covering all the Mizo tribes since it is misrending of the Lusei, only sub-tribe of the Mizo race. Hence though perhaps, not originally intended, it has created a division.

Only the word ‘Mizo’ stand for the whole group of them all :

Lusei, Hmar, Ralte, Paite, Zo, Darlawng, Kawm, Pawi, Thado, Chiru, Aimol, Khawl, Tarau, Anal, Puram, Tikhup, Vaiphei, Lakher, Langrawng, Chawrai; Bawng, Baite, Mualthuam, Kaihpen, Pangkhua, Tlangau, Hrangkhawl, Bawmzo, Miria, Dawn, Kumi, Khiangte, Khiang, Pangte, Khawlhring, Chawngthu, Vanchiau, Chawhte, Ngente, Renthlei, Hnamte, Tlau, Pautu, Pawite, Vangchhia, Zawngte, Fanai,

etc, all closely related to one another culturally, socially, economically and physically thus forming a distinct ethnical units.

TRADITIONAL ORIGIN

Traditionally Mizos claim descent from Sinlung, a mythical rock north of the Shan state. Migration by tribal group seems to have taken place about the beginning of the 5th century, halting at several locations from longer or lesser periods through the Shan state, Chindwin Valley and Chin Hills until they finally came to settle in their present occupied areas and the villages claimed by the various Mizo tribes, wherever their present habitat may be, as their original homes are within or close to the border of the present Falam Sub-Division.

THE MIZO POPULATION

[A] The Mizo people in the Lushai Hills alone number 1,46,900 with an area of 8,143 square miles according to the census of 1941.

[B] The Mizo population of Manipur State contiguous to the Lushai Hills again comes to about 70,000 with an area of about 3,500 square miles.

[C] The Mizo in the Cachar District contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo again number approximately 9,000 with an area of about 300 square miles.

[D] In Tripura state contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo again number approximately 7,000 with an area of about 250 square miles.

[E] In the Chittagong Hill Tracts, contiguous to the Lushai Hills, the Mizo population is generally approximated to be about 15,000 with an area of about 3,000 square miles.

[F] In the Chin Hills (Burma) also contiguous to the Lushai Hills who are now commonly known and termed as the Chins, number not less than 90,000 with an area of about 3,800 square miles occupied by them.

The total Mizo population of the contiguous area alone thus comes roughly 3,38,400 and the areas about 18,993 square miles.

It is a great injustice that the Mizos having one and the same culture, speaking one and the same language, professing one and the same religion, and knit together by common customs and traditions should have been called and known by different names and thrown among different people with their homeland sliced out and given to others.

The whole contiguous area of the Mizo population as detailed above occupies the middle and the most important portion of India’s Eastern Frontiers. It is, therefore, the more imperative that His Majesty’s Government, the Government of India and its constituent Assembly should do the just and proper thing and grant the Mizos their just demand for TERRITORIAL UNITY AND SOLIDARITY.

MIZO HISTORY AND BRITISH CONNECTION

The Mizo people were independent, each village forming an independent unity, and their country was never subjugated by the Maharajas of Manipur, Tripura and Chittagong nor by the Kacharis. However, there had been frontier clashes between the Mizos and the neighbouring people which ultimately brought the British to the scene in 1871. The Mizo country was subsequently annexed to the British territory in 1890, when a little less than half of the country was carved out for the Mizo people and named Lushai Hills while the rest have been parcelled out of the adjoining districts. Since the Mizos have remained loyal, friendly and peaceful. At all time, whenever the British needed help as World War I, Abhor Expedition., Houkip Rebellion, and World War II, the willing services of the Mizo people were readily available.

The Mizos have an efficient system of administration and discipline. Being a distinct block they retain to a considerable degree their ancient and traditional laws, and customs and organizations, beginning from village under the guidance of the Chief and the Elders, while young and old have their respective leaders in all walks of life.

Except in Cachar, the Mizo people are excluded from the Government of India’s Act and the areas inhabited by them are kept as a special responsibility of the Governor of the province in his capacity as the Crown Representative and the Legislature have no influence whatsoever. In other words, the Mizos have never been under the Indian Government and never had any connection with the policies and politics of the various groups of Indian opinion.

Now that the British are quitting these Mizos who have never been under the Indian government and whose ways are all different from others, cannot be thrown on a common platform with the rest of India. It is therefore, important to the highest degree that the Mizos be given self-determination in its fullest form.

THE PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY

As stated in the foregoing paragraphs, the Mizo areas are mostly excluded. The political officer is supreme in every respect. The Education is mostly carried on by the Christian Missionary groups. The general communication of the country is extremely poor. The land is extremely hilly without good roads; and the people poor and simple, primitive and divided into tribes and clans. The highest education is mostly derived from outside the district; but in mass literacy the Mizo people is highest in Assam. The people are mostly intelligent and as such given equal terms they always outshine their fellow-workers of other community in the fields at home. They are born strategist. Their greatest short-coming is lack of finance as a result of their trade and commerce and limited scope open for them. Their areas stretch from north to south parallel with the Burma border line for defence along the eastern border of India.

This being the background, it is all the more imperative that the Mizoram be given special financial provision by the Central from year to year while allowing them their territorial integrity as anything short of this will be detrimental to their upbringing. In other words, the Centre shall grant financial provision from year to year for the purpose of development of the country while the district shall join autonomous Assam through legislature with adequate representation and be also eligible to the provincial service with due reservations at the same time retaining their territorial integrity and self-determination : as otherwise thrown among forty crores of Indians the 3,38,400 Mizos with their unique systems of life will be wiped out of existence.

OUR CASE

In the light of the facts stated in the foregoing paragraphs and in view of geographical position and the strategical importance of the Mizoram for the defence of India and taking into consideration the unique characteristics of Mizo polity and compact block of Mizoland – this Memorandum is placed with the authority for –

[1] Territorial unity and solidarity of; the whole Mizo population to be known henceforth as Mizo and Mizoram for Lushai and Lushai Hills District, retaining the sole proprietary right over the land.

[2] Full self-determination with the province of Assam:

[A] With the National Council having the supreme legislative authority and executive body and judiciary within the district the composition and function of which will be prescribed by rules.

[B] Any concurrent subjects in which the district may be connected with the autonomous province of Assam or India as a whole shall be by negotiation with the national councils which will be set up; according to wishes of the general public, any legislation may be applied to the district only with sanction of the national council with any modification.

[C] Special financial provision by the Centre from year to year until such time as the Mizos shall assert that they are able to maintain their territorial integrity and self-determination without this financial provision.

ALL ABOVE ITEMS SHALL BE SUBJECT TO REVISION ACCORDING TO THE FUTURE TREND OF EVENTS TO THE EXTENT OF SECEEDING AFTER TEN YEARS.

For this end it is to be understood that the democratic system of Government in its purest form shall at the very outset be introduced. Passed and approved by the Mizo Union representatives conferences at Aijal, Lushai Hills, Assam on 22nd April, 1947.

26-4-1947

Sd/- KHAWTINKHUMA
President

Sd/- VANTHUAMA
General Secretary
The Mizo Union, Aijal,
Lushai Hills,
ASSAM

Source: Lawrkhawm

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Post-Oscars, Rubina's biological mother surfaces to claim her

Mumbai, Feb 26 (PTI) On her return from the US, it was not only the red carpet welcome that awaited "Slumdog Millionaire" child artist Rubina Ali. Success in the international arena has also brought forth unexpected consequences, with both her biological mother Khushi and her step-mother Munni, with whom she lives in suburban Bandra slums, asserting their 'right' over her. Both want to claim Rubina, basking in international fame after the golden Oscar run of "Slumdog Millionaire", as their own.

Rubina, who plays the child Latika, lives with her father Rafiq Qureshi and Munni.

Following the success of the Danny Boyle film, Khushi has returned to Garib Nagar slums, where she lives with her carpenter father.

According to Rafiq, Khushi left him and their three children -- Rubina is the youngest -- five years ago to marry 'some rich person' and never returned. However, Khushi says she had left the children with their grandmother.

Rubina's life changed when talent hunter Parvez Ahmed picked up a bunch of kids from the slums and put them on sets of "Slumdog Millionaire". Rubina has never attended school.

The filmmakers paid the children for 30 days of acting work, their families a small monthly stipend and set up a trust through which the children will get money after their graduation. PTI

=====================================

Rahman says Oscars are a "starting point" of my career

Chennai, Feb 26 (PTI) Coming home to an overwhelming reception after his dream run at the Oscars, music wizard A R Rahman said he viewed the top honour not as a "climax" of his career but a "starting point" for making a difference to music and people's perception towards it.
Arriving to the chants of 'Jai Ho', the award winning song of Slumdog Millionaire, by his fans and well-wishers, Rahman said he was completely overwhelmed and touched by the rousing reception.

"They (fans) almost killed me with their love," the music maestro said in a lighter vein.

On bagging two Oscars, Rahman said "it (winning Oscars) is not the climax of my career.. It is a starting point for making a lot of difference in music and in the way people think about music." Rahman said that he wanted to use the occasion to give a message that between love and hate he always opted for the former.

"Between love and hate, I chose love.. The actors and directors (present at the Kodak Theatre) liked the statement. Even Michael Jackson (pop star) liked it", he said with a smile.

A festive atmosphere prevailed at the airport where Rahman was treated to a musical reception by his friend and popular percussionist, Sivamani, who played the drum. PTI

==============================================

Slumdog kids arrive home to a rousing welcome

Mumbai, Feb 26 (PTI) The child actors of Oscar-winning film "Slumdog Millionaire" arrived here from their dream US trip to a rousing welcome from family and friends today.
The actors, including Azharuddin Mohammed and Rubina Ali, who play the childhood roles of the lead characters of the film, reached Chhatrapati International Airport by a British Airways flight from Los Angeles via London at 11.45 am.

The kids, who received a red carpet reception at Los Angeles, came out amid heavy security and were whisked away by the representatives of FoxStar (which had arranged their travel to the US) in four cars.

A large media contingent was waiting at the arriving lounge.

Seven-year-old Azharuddin, resident of Behrampada, a slum along the suburban Bandra railway track, was the first to reach home, where his neighbours erupted in joy on seeing him.

They burst fire crackers and lifted him and danced to the tune of 'Jai ho', the popular song from the Danny Boyle-directed film that won eight Oscars.

Azhar's mother, Shamim, who also went to Los Angeles with her son, said both were overjoyed by their experience in the US. PTI

==============================================

Rahman, Pookuty, child artists return home to heroes' welcome



Mumbai/Chennai, Feb 26 (PTI) India's sound magicians A R Rahman and Resul Pookuty and the child actors of the multiple Oscar-winning film "Slumdog Millionaire" returned home today to a heroes' welcome as cheering family members, fans and well-wishers lined up the airports to fete them.
Rahman, who became the first Indian to win two Oscars, arrived at the Chennai airport from Dubai by an Emirates Airways flight around 2.30 am.

Arriving to the chants of 'Jai ho', the award winning song of "Slumdog Millionaire", by his fans and well-wishers, Rahman said he was completely overwhelmed and touched by the rousing reception.

"They (fans) almost killed me with their love," he said in a lighter vein.

Pookutty along with "Slumdog Millionaire" actor Irrfan Khan arrived at the Mumbai airport and were garlanded by enthusiastic fans amid beating of drums.

On the other hand, the child actors of the film reached Chhatrapati International Airport by a British Airways flight from Los Angeles via London at 11.45 am and were given a rousing welcome by family and friends. PTI

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

HSLC exam to commence today in Manipur

IMPHAL, Feb 26: The number of students enrolled for appearing in the High School Leaving Certificate Examination to be conduc-ted by the Board of Secon- dary Education, Manipur this year has been recorded highest in comparison to the previous five years. In all 27,976 students would be appearing in the examination due to begin from tomorrow. Enrolment of students for the first public examination conducted by the Board of Secondary Education had witnessed steady decline over the last five years.

In 2005, 26,321 students were enrolled, 24,926 students in 2006, 23,228 students in 2007 and 24,864 students in 2008. But this year an increase of 3112 students in the enrolment has been recorded against that of the last year.

Interacting with The Sangai Express in connection with the enrolment of more students for the examination this year, Secretary of Board of Secondary Education, Manipur L Rajmo- han Singh observed that it is a sign of improvement.

He explained that the number of students appearing in HSLC examination under the Board of Secondary Education, Manipur had declined in the past five years due to various factors like students from the hills opting to appear in the examination under Nagaland Board, strict measures against use of unfair means in the examination and students preferring to write the examination under the National Open School.

However, as the number of students opting for Na-galand Board has come down this years, the number of student enrolment under the Manipur Board has increased, he added.

This year, students from 476 private schools, 224 Go-vernment schools and 85 Aided schools would be ap-pearing in the examination.

For smooth conduct of the examination this year, in all 58 private centres and 30 Board centres have been set up and 15 flying squads formed, he informed.

It may be noted here that the BSEM has been conducting HSLC examination since 1973. In the history of the examination so far, the year 1995 has recorded the highest number of students with a total of 49,216.

Commencing from tomorrow, this year’s HSLC examination would continue till March 23.
Class XI and XII examination conducted by the Council of Higher Education, Manipur would also be held along with the Board examination this year.

Source: The Sangai Express

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Manipur Tribals’ Council pleads Manipur Governor

Lamka, Feb 25: Pleading on the constitutional head of the State to realize his constitutional duty in directing the State Govern- ment to initiate local self-government for the tribals, leaders from the Manipur Tribals Council today argue for the immediate intervention of His Excellency. The state government never wants to see the tribals to have their own local self-government at villa- ge levels, and the district level as well, charged the council in its representation to the governor today.

The Government gives importance only to the Panchayats and Parishads elections in the valley by conducting but failed to uphold the same for district council elections in the hills. The tribal democratic rights and constitutional safeguards were snatched away by the state government, said the council.

Article 46, 338, 339 and 340 of the Constitution require the Governor of Mani- pur to report to the President of India every ten years on the administration of the hill areas of Manipur, it adds and claimed that the President of India failed to fulfil its constitutional duties in this regard by not directing the State constitutional head to initiate election in the declared Scheduled area. Tribal chiefs rights and their lands were still as it was from time immemorial, and we did not surrender them to any Government. We only participate in Indian democracy, the memo main- tained, but the state government denied them to participate in that democratic exercise. Also sound- ing a warning note the cou-ncil warns of joining self determination movement if the Government intentionally curtails the tribals to participate in democratic exercise at the grass root level. Though specifying March 2009 as the dateline for the state government to conduct the ADC election, the Governor is understood to have told them that the upcoming Lok Sabha will impede the process but assured the leaders to do his bit after the election.

Source: The Sangai Express

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

KNO dubs NSCN (IM) as killing machine

IMPHAL, Feb 26: Denouncing NSCN (IM) as killing machine, Kuki National Organisation (KNO) has stated that the recent heinous crime of butchering SDO of Kasom Khullen and his associates in Ukhrul District of Manipur is a loathsome reminder of the inhuman massacre of innocent Kuki villagers by NSCN (IM)-led killers from 1992 to 1997. Even more deplorable than the murder was the attempt to implicate innocent Kukis for the inhuman crime by dumping the butchered remains near Taphou-Kuki,

a Kuki village, with the potent objective of igniting a communal flare-up between the Meiteis and the Kukis, given the existing ethno-communal sensitivities in Manipur, information and publicity secretary of KNO Lenin H Kuki said in a statement.

He said that the writings on the wall are clear and unmistakably traceable to the unrelenting inhuman killing machine, the NSCN (IM) even before they admitted to the crime. The GPRN’s press statements about three of its officials being responsible for the crime in their supposedly individual capacities is reminiscent of the NSCN (IM)’s initial denial of involvement in the genocide of innocent Kuki villagers by propping up something called the Nagalim Guards. These kinds of instigative activity are not new to the NSCN (IM) and it is the norm rather than an exception with them to deny involvement when their plots are unveiled.

Recalling an instance, Lenin said that in 1995 two Angami men from Khozuma village of Nagaland were persuaded by Tangkhuls to go and purchase buffalo from a Kuki village in Mani-pur. This was at a time when NSCN-IM was engaged in killing innocent Kuki villagers in great numbers. The Kuki villagers were unaware of the two men’s acti- vity. However, when the people of Khozuma realised the two men had not returned they assumed Kukis had killed them. Consequently, in 1995 the Angami Peoples Organisation (APO) served quit notice to the Kukis of Nagaland, the deadline being set for 25 July. At Delhi, on 24 July 1995, the Kuki Students Organisation went on a rally and presented a memorandum to the National Human Rights Commission, appealing for intervention. Fortunately, the intervention took place in the nick of time and the Angamis, realising foul play was involved, retracted the quit notice. The KNO therefore strongly condemns such evil designs of the outfit, which claims to have as its motto Nagaland for Christ, in equal measure as it condemns the brutal murder of the SDO of Kasom Khullen and his aides who were sincerely performing their duties as employees of the State Government. Rather than tendering apology to the Kukis and humanity at large for their abominable genocide of Kuki villagers in their effort to forcibly grab Kuki territories, the NSCN (IM) has attempted to create communal tensions and potential flare-up between the Kukis and Meiteis. It is time the world recognise the true colors of the outfit and give a befitting treatment to this unprincipled and inhuman organization, the statement added.

Source: The Sangai Express

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

Manipur protests continue

IMPHAL,Feb 26 – Protest rallies and widespread sit-in demonstration at various locations continues as part of intensifying public protest against the brutal killing of Manipur government officer and his two subordinates here on Thursday. Close on the heels of a massive protest rally in Ukhrul town, 80 km north of the state capital on Wednesday, students and teachers community of the Manipur University staged a silent rally on Thursday protesting the killing of Dr Thingnam Kishan, SDO Kasom Khullen,Ukhrul district.

SDO Dr Kishan, his driver A Rajen and mandal Y Token were found killed near Taphou Kuki village, 6 km south of Senapati district police headquarters on February 17 after they were reportedly abducted along with three others from Ukhrul district five days ago.

Though proscribed NSCN (I-M) which has been engaged in a ceasefire agreement with Govt of India since 1997 had denied their involvement in the killing at one point of time, the outfit now has admitted that one of their leaders was the mastermind behind the killing.

========================================

Curfew relaxed in Imphal dists

IMPHAL, Feb 26 – Indefinite curfew, imposed since February 19 in Imphal East and Imphal West districts of Manipur after the killing of a subdivisional officer and his two staff members by Naga militants, was today relaxed for 12 hours from 6 am, reports PTI.

Official sources said curfew was relaxed to restore normal life in Imphal and Greater Imphal areas covering the two districts.

The curfew would be lifted in the next few days if there was no violence or agitation over the killing of the SDO, Th Kishan of Kasom Khullen subdivision in Ukhrul district and his two staff members, the sources said.

Educational institutions, government offices and banks functioned normally in the two districts during relaxation of the curfew.

Source: Assam Tribune

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.

'Brutal' Myanmar rights record criticized

Image via Wikipedia

WASHINGTON, February 26 (AFP): The United States lashed out at the Myanmar regime's human rights record Wednesday, saying the military was "brutally" suppressing its citizens and razing entire villages. In an annual global report on human rights, the State Department said Myanmar's ruling junta carried out numerous extrajudicial killings along with rape and torture without punishing anyone responsible.

"The regime brutally suppressed dissent," it said, faulting the junta for "denying citizens the right to change their government and committing other severe human rights abuses." Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, crushed a 2007 uprising led by Buddhist monks, killing at least 31 people, according to the UN. In May last year, a cyclone left 138,000 people dead or missing.

"The regime showed contempt for the welfare of its own citizens when it persisted in conducting a fraudulent referendum in the immediate aftermath" of the cyclone, the State Department said. It said that Myanmar also "delayed international assistance that could have saved many lives." The regime forcibly relocated people away from their homes, particularly in areas dominated by ethnic minorities, with troops then confiscating their property or looting their possessions, the report said.

"Thousands of civilians were displaced from their traditional villages -- which often were then burned to the ground -- and moved into settlements tightly controlled by government troops in strategic areas," the report said. "In other cases villagers driven from their homes fled into the forest, frequently in heavily mined areas, without adequate food, security or basic medical care," it said. The State Department also said that women and members of certain minority groups are completely absent in the government and the judiciary. Myanmar's most famous woman, pro-democracy advocate and Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, has been under house arrest for most of the last 19 years.

US push for political progress in Myanmar

HANOI, February 26 (AFP): The United States on Wednesday called on Southeast Asian nations to push for "political progress" in military-ruled Myanmar. Scot Marciel, the US ambassador to the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) told reporters his country wanted the group's members to "use whatever contacts and access they have in the country to encourage new thinking and reform and increase openness and political progress".

The diplomat, speaking after an official visit to Hanoi, said he would go to Thailand for the opening of the ASEAN summit starting on Friday. But he refused to elaborate on a policy review towards Myanmar US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had announced earlier. Marciel told reporters Clinton said "that our approach to date, emphasising sanctions, hadn't worked". "She also emphasised that the ASEAN approach of engagement hadn't worked," he said.

"So she said, given that we haven't achieved that success, it's logical and appropriate to review and look for new ideas to see if there is a way we can be more effective." A day after Obama took office a senior official in Yangon said Myanmar hoped the new president would change Washington's tough policy towards its military regime and end the "misunderstandings" of the past. - AFP

.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.