The Association Of Premier State College Seniors (APSCS), Manipur
While acknowledging the Second Administrative Reforms Commission for reposing confidence in the Association of Premier State College Seniors of Manipur (APSCS) and giving the privilege of making an effective representation of the people’s interest about the State of affairs and the “Conflict Resolution” thereon by extending the time when the Commission heard us at Imphal on the 28th July 2007, we wish to begin with a few words about our own Association, perhaps the first of its kind in the country. It is a Body of the retired State Govt. employees who served the Premier State Colleges of Manipur academics of which were recruited on the recommendations of the UPSC and later the Manipur Public Service Commission. The Association was founded in the year 2005 with the main object to preserve old values and spirit of fraternity among the members and to further promote the Academic and Social causes by formulating and presenting views to the State or Central / Statutory Bodies etc.
In consonance with our objective, the Association made a point to submit a Memorandum to the President of India, during his visit to the State on the 16th Oct.2006 highlighting the issues involving social and economic life of the people of Manipur that have been on the wane. As a result, the Ministry of Home Affairs expressing its concern sent its letter (No. 6/35/2007-NE.I dated, 11th June, 2007) to the Chief Secretary of the State for appropriate necessary action and the submission of a report thereon. The Association is really grateful to the President for his concern for the plight of the people of this frontier State. A similar response also came from the Prime Minister; for that we are grateful to the Prime Minister too.
As is the common psychology, we have a deep sense of consternation over the issues involving discomfort, fears and negative associations that we generally do not address the issues in time. However, in reality, the issues weigh heavily on our psyche and public life as well, and it becomes too high a price to pay later. Hence, the demand for an effective and timely addressal. These two vital elements as we presume, are accounted for extending their adequate attention to the vexing issues the Association placed before them. Let it serve as a good beginning in the search for an answer to the problem.
And now with the Second Administrative Reforms Commission in conformity with the terms and spirit of the objective, we feel as though a new dimension is in the offing that would ultimately help in addressing the difficult issues in the best interest of all concerned. We have every reason to repose our faith in the Commission as much as it has in us.
As our representatives of the Association apprised the Commission already of some of the major problems afflicting the State, we now with a vigour, wish to submit this representation to highlight some of the major issues involving the present conflict that requires adept handling with a priority treatment. We begin with the diagnosis of the conflicts.
Symptoms of the conflicts
The present scenario-portrays a chaotic situation- a murderous atmosphere shaking the norms of society we live in at the root in an unprecedented manner with no sight of relent. All the symptoms of an anarchic State, a long spell of disorder, conflicts: visible and invisible have all appeared for all to see. Where is the room for development for that the Centre is pumping huge amount of money unlike in the past when the State was normal and needed money most? Development of anti–incumbency sentiment for bringing about this situation and all can be comprehended in full only by an in-depth study of Manipur and her case is made at first.
Land and peoples of Manipur
Nestled between Assam and Burma (Myanmar), Manipur as a kingdom experienced a long tumultuous course of about two thousand years of history. The central valley which is about 1/10th the State size , is the hub of activities while the remaining comprises the mountainous region surrounding the valley and since time immemorial the mountainous range has been the home of medley of tribes. The history of human habitation of Manipur is a continuous one since the Pre-historic Stone Age. For the last two thousand years Manipur existed as an independent kingdom with an uninterrupted record of the rein of kings, Maharajah Budhachandra Singh being the last. The territory of Manipur extended as far as Southern China in the north, Thi-bomei (Kohima) and Sibsagar (Assam) included, Loijri in the South and Chandrapore (Cachar) in the West and Ningthi River (Irrawadi) in the East.
Manipuri is the language spoken by the valley and hill people in general and is the lingua franca of more than 30 tribes of Manipur speaking different dialects. The Manipuri language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of language. Today Manipuri stands for different communities, tribes living in Manipur namely the Meetei / Meitei community, the Pangal (Muslim) community , the Naga tribe, the Kuki tribe etc.
The kingdom was known by different names to different people surrounding the State. The Burmese called it Kathe, the Assamese- Meckley, the Cacharis- Mogli and the Shans- Cassay.
The present geographical area of Manipur is 8,650 Sq. miles. It was demarcated by Sir James Jhonstone the Political Agent in Manipur in 1882. Before this, the boundary of Manipur was demarcated in 1834 as reflected in the Agreement regarding the Kubo Valley. In that the Kubo Valley of 7,000 Sq. m was made over to the Burmese Government on the condition that the Supreme Government pays a monthly stipend of five hundred Sicca Rupees to the Rajah of Manipur vide the Agreement mutually signed by the British and Burmese Commissioners on January 25, 1834. In case of reversion of the Kubo Valley to Manipur, as per the Agreement, the allowance thus granted will cease from the date of such reversion .
In research, works done earlier is taken as very important to understand what is under studies now. To know Manipur, its evolutionary aspect of the history is relevant to the issues under discussion i.e.” the Conflict Resolution in respect of Manipur”.
For the purpose, the entire history of Manipur can be conveniently divided into the PRE-MERGER PERIOD and the POST-MERGER PERIOD, on the basis of Manipur’s status as an independent Manipur before the Merger with the Indian Union in 1949 and the post independent Manipur after the Merger.
Pre Merger Period
Historians and Scholars are one in describing the land and people of Manipur as a unique kingdom. This kingdom in the East, with about two thousand years’ glorious history behind it had already found a berth in the comity of nations. The people of Manipur defended their territory and the kingdom-hood from repeated invasion by the aggressive neighbour, Burma. They fought against the mighty British Imperial Force in 1891. The Anglo-Manipuri war or the Khongjom war of 1891 is remembered every year in memory of those who laid down their lives in safeguarding their homeland in a manner beyond description .Mani-puris also joined the Indian War of Independence in 1857.
As defined earlier the Manipuris comprise the Meeteis, the Pangals (Muslims), the hill tribes etc. and they were always united and fought shoulder to shoulder in keeping their motherland intact. The old adage holds true in case of the kingdom. Enemy within, was more dangerous than the enemy outside.
Infightings among the royal bloods for the throne and power marked the history of Manipur here and there. Entry of the Britishers in Manipur and taking share in running the affairs of Manipur in the beginning was not through invasion or war. The episodes of infighting and the seeking of outside military help paved their way. Nevertheless, the kingdom though small could never be subjugated by any force or power.
The kingdom got rid of the British colonial yoke in 1947 by sheer luck after it became inevitable for them to withdraw from India Burma etc with the end of II World war in 1945. People of Manipur rejoiced over this return of complete Independence, the State sovereignty in full. To some a frisson of fear descended however. Before this of course there was every –ground of fear for an endless war- the Second World War or Japan War as is popularly known to the Manipuris. We all know that Manipur was the centre stage of the War ; repeated and heavy bombings of the State by the Japanese forces to drive out the British forces and other allied armies brought havoc and devastation. Manipuris suffered most during II world war; no other Indian States suffered so much as Manipur suffered. The Indian National Army (INA) hoisted its flag in the soil of Manipur before the Japanese force was repulsed from Manipur and Kohima and the two Japanese cities- Hiroshima and Nagasaki were atom bombed and destroyed. The II World War came to an end in 1945. The two War Cemeteries at Imphal and one at Kohima bear the witness of the war atrocities. The INA Museum at Moirang is another war memorial in Manipur. For the people of Manipur, the end of II World War in 1945 and the termination of 56 years’ British occupation of Manipur in 1947 could have been the best opportune moment to emerge as a new nation with sufficient experience of exposure had it not been otherwise the case of merger with the newly born nation – the Union of India in the year 1949. In that two interested forces worked in collusion to effect the integration; from outside the Indian National Congress and from within the Manipur Congress Party founded in 1946. At the same time the Maharajah of Manipur Shri Budha-chandra Singh also failed to assert his full authority even as the Political Agent, Mr. G.P.Stewart in a charge handing over meeting in the midnight of 14th and 15th Aug.1947 at the Residency, Imphal declared already as “Your Highness, the British Para-mouncy over Manipur State lapse from this moment. The State of Mani-pur is handed over to your Highness”, and consequent upon this the Mani-pur State Constitution Act 1947 was also already proclaimed. His Highness was also the Head of the Council of Ministers. However, failure on his part to control the situation was a clear message of his weakness that the young and ambitious politicians became more active in their attempt to oust the king and enthrone themselves with the help of Nehru Government with that they had political clout already. The AICC also had already declared the policy in open in 1945 with respect to the question of cessation that no Indian States would be allowed to cede from the newly independent country and if any one tries to do so will be treated as enemy sounding that force will be used. This was very much in contrast with what Jawharlal Nehru declared in the Parliament that integration of States with the Union of India was not at the level of the Government, it was at the level of the people. The commitment given to the States was never honoured. Such a carrot and stick approach of the Union Government could not be understood by the people at that time not only of Manipur but also of other States. They rather believed the words of Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru who led the Nation and laid the foundation of a strong democratic nation as the holy words. Merger of Manipur on the 21st Sept.1949 at Shillong and a hectic strategy of negotiation between the officials and Budhachandra Singh, without the due approval and the backing of his subject as it should have been done in a democratic manner, could never be justified and accepted by any standard that the sense of betrayal is still in the psyche of those witnesses still alive and the children left behind by the departed ones. The event will always remain as a jeremiad for the people of Manipur. The genesis of all conflicts in the State today surely lies buried in this act of infamous Merger Agreement with India in 1949 in a venue outside the State in a pre-planned manner.
As this has been the practice to use force to solve the Law and Order problem, the people sandwiched between the two forces with no means of defending themselves are the ultimate victims of both the operations.
Next to this woes is the rampant corruption and nepotism in all spheres of life. Who bears the brunt? It is the public again. As the Highways particularly the National Highways are very often blocked for days / weeks together by some Organizations at their own sweet will – the ultimate sufferers are the people using these roads- the life lines connecting the State with outside World.
According to a recent report the State has also incurred the loss of crores of rupees due to these blockades. At the same time price hike is the prorata consequences: Nexus between the politicians and the underground groups have become inalienable now. Central Grants to Manipur for the development though received in terms of crores and crores of rupees- all were swindled.
The Centre knows this situation and its development fully yet the right solution to the problems is never found out, instead the symptomatic treatment alone is given so far. Correct diagnosis is half cure but never cared for that diagnosis. We see, the World sees, that still the APSPA continues to operate even as the Reddy Commission recommended for the repeal of this draconian Act one year back and the country’s Prime Minister expressed in favour of repealing with some modifications to make it more humane.
This clearly shows that the Centre does not bother for the State’s genuine grievances and interest. This has further strengthened the general belief that the Central Authority’s interest is centered round the strategic importance of the State alone when the people of Manipur is ruing the Agreement of Merger in 1949. Where is the meeting point? Where is the search for conflict resolution?
The eruption of violence and development of anti centre incumbency can’t be subsided. There is no reason why the youths and brave hearts will become all the more indignant as the infamous draconian Law the AFSPA has been pressed in the service that no longer serve the purpose but only evokes worldwide condemnation instead. What is most unfortunate and appalling is that a nation claiming to be the largest Democracy on earth instead of nurturing a law-based State, has been active in an exercise to keep justice and law, more so the humane consideration, at bay. It will be a wrong fangled notion if the Authority harbours optimism that the conflict will die down willy nilly as the time rolls on. Judging against the backdrop of the process of integration of the State to the Union and pent up feeling embroiled in the heart of the people of a State at the sensitive frontier in the East a humane and sober approach to the conflict can alone assuage the wounded feeling and volatile mind. It can never be by the arbitrary arrests, harassment and killings under the aegis of the Draconian Act – a legacy of the colonial era that has long been a measure of despotism in the State. With all these heavy handed methods adopted by the authority and excruciating circumstances people are exposed to, one is apt to think that Authority is set to conditioning people to police State tactics that would help create a garrison state mentality which could easily snub the democratic method. This reminds the people again and again of the fallacy of the Merger Agreement that is now considered to be the turning point in the history of Manipur and will always prompt the younger generation to look back in anger and spew venom on the Union Government and the erstwhile State Authority. We have now enough of experience of the subversion of humane values in contrast to our aspiration for the flowering of the personality in the democratic India.
The State’s woes is never ending; when the people of Manipur are helplessly fighting for the return of normalcy in their territory – it is seen that some disgruntled leaders belonging to this land have joined hands with the forces outside in the demand for a Greater Nagaland with that our Centre is busy for an amicable settlement of the Naga issue. This demand if considered by the Centre under the Article 3 of the Constitution of India, will further reduce the size of the State to the point it can’t survive as a viable State. The former kingdom of Manipur never faced such a threat in its existence. Before Merger, of the Manipur’s area, a big chunk- the Kohima (Thibomei) is already with the Nagaland and a greater portion than that the Kabo Valley which was gifted to Burma by British is still under dispute. The State can’t afford to lose its area further more. It is not negotiable under any circumstances. Merger and dismemberment can’t go together. Our valid argument is that the Merger Agreement itself is the living testimony for us to refer. We are very sensitive people and we see no solution to this.
The incident is a reminder to all involved with some knowledge of Manipur’s past history. At the same time it was a clear demonstration of the Centre’s arrogance and under-mining in open of the genuine and legitimate interest of the people and land of Manipur. It will always remain as an eternal regret. On this blunder of the Centre we would like to ask what will the Centre tell our children and all those for whom the nation builders are the living role- models for all times. Does it not go against the spirit of Merger Agreement in that the interest of both the State of Manipur as well as of the Dominion of India is the main consideration of Merger? The nation is still to prove against that.
This small State of Manipur is a geographical receptacle having a pluralistic society as an added attraction in as much as India is a geographical receptacle for many nations speaking many hundreds of tongues. Centre should not lose sight of the existence of a polyglot state in its family.
When we, the people of the valley and hill tract have been living together in this land-locked tiny state as our homeland we have been promoting the virtue of a pluralist society projecting a distinctive culture-canvass the nation can simply be proud of. Fragmenting a small territory on ethnic line propelled by a powerful militant section of the hill- tract simply bears testimony to the fabulous notion of Mahatma Gandhi, The spirit of democracy cannot be maintained in the midst of terrorism! While protecting our territory we have been promoting national political culture that would help create a bouquet of different hues in the process of which we appeal to the conscience of the brethren of the hill-tract to bury the strong sentiment tightly anchored to the ethnic root that destroys asunder the tender fabric of pluralistic society. Any attempt for further dismemberment of Manipur will lead to the birth of several new other states in the same line. It will be of a lasting value if we can incorporate the feeling of Karim Aga Khan IV, “Pluralist societies are not accidents of history. They are a product of enlightened education and continuous investment by governments and all of civil society in recognizing and celebrating the diversity of the world’s people”. In this context we wish to recall the spirit of the Article VIII (C) of the Agreement between the Governor General of India and His Highness the Maharaja of Manipur that specifically maintained that the Govt. of India undertake to preserve various laws, customs and conventions prevailing in the State pertaining to the social, economic and religious life of the people. It is obvious that the economic life of the people/State shall be affected severely, should the hill tract be torn from the territory of Manipur. To prevent dismemberment of a small state like Manipur, a retrospection of the Article 3 of the Indian Constitution is the need of the hour.
What was not visible to the older generation of our people is now clearly visible to their younger generation. In the Post Merger scenario, if the State and Central authorities consider as not sufficient enough for serious attention and action to end the conflict, the fate and future of Manipur will take its own course.
The question that poses before us today is that why the Centre trifles with such an important and emotive issue involving the pride and honour of this State for such a long period.
Will there be no initiative to end all these conflicts however difficult it may be, to address. It is certainly difficult we all agree, but it is also very important for both the State and the Centre to take up the case in the right earnestness without further loss of time. Time has come for all concerned and the nation as a whole to raise the slogan for peaceful settlement of the conflicts. India ‘s talk of lasting peace and order in the world and giving sermon to the countries in conflict will be considered as hollow and nothing but lip service only if her own domestic conflicts are left unresolved for longer period. The world is the witness to the developing situation in Manipur and neighbouring State. Mani-pur ‘s murderous situation turning the former kingdom into gravedom , breeding of armed insurgents, extortionists political thugs, corrupt men in the public service and servile people, has become the global concern . Why not the peaceful method of addressing the issue be given a chance? In an issue involving body politic of the nation, it will be more appropriate if peaceful and democratic method be allowed to precede the method of force in the search for solutions. People are still conscious of their right to expect decency from the Government of the land of Mahatma Gandhi.
Conflict resolution:
In this context, the memoranda submitted to the President and the Prime Minister of India separately in the end of the year 2006 by this Association may be conveniently recalled here. In that we have made early resolution of conflicts a serious point for consideration. We often feel that if the Centre takes the initiative in the right earnestness there will surely be a matching response from all quarters. To create the ideal situation wished, easing the tension created in the mind of people by the inordinate delay in lifting the APSPA from the State is a must. It is also the desire openly expressed by our Hon’ble Prime Minister in favour of substituting some of the unwanted or detrimental clauses from the said Act. It is for sure that this 1st step will help in restoring the people’s faith in the Centre. If the Centre acts according to the wishes of the people, the armed insurgents will also reciprocate in the fitness of things. An ideal situation is bound to develop that parties concerned will be ready for discussions and parleys; terms for peace will be found out in due course. We always feel that people’s involvement in such a people’s affairs as demanded in a democratic set up of Government and functioning is the corner-stone of success. To end the anti-incumbency feeling, measure like keeping the streets, Highways- State & National free from obstructions and Blockades should be taken up as a step forward to instill the required amount of confidence in the citizens and to ensure their right to move freely. For free movement is more important than the freedom of speech to the people who are not free to move. Highway scene has been in the people’s’ full glare to judge the guts of the Government; 52 days’ closure / blockade of the National Highway 39 by some organisations in 2005 did not face any challenge from the custodian of Law and Order in the State though the Government knows that the NH 39 is the life line of the State. How much the people suffered was nobody’s concern: people had already lost faith in the Government in power. What can be expected of those who can’t command respect from their people, leave alone their defending the territory.
Conflict between the people of Manipur and the Centre is now more clearly visible in the form of Armed insurgency in the State while the small border State has been involving itself in the nation building process ever since it was brought into the fold of Indian Union in 1949. The Merger Agreement, a turning point in the history of Manipur turns out to be the seed of conflict that prompted the younger generation to look back in anger spewing venom on the Centre or Union Government and the erstwhile State Authority ruling in its fiefdom on its subjects of the placid days of the feudal era. It is not a mere conflict pertaining to the economic aid and development of the State or the unemployment problem as projected by some observers. State politicians alone used to manipulate the situation in a way that would serve their interest better. Today this old tricks of trade is no more a secret with the Chief Minister of the State admitting in his public speeches or interviews that it is not the dearth of Grants or Funds required for the development of Manipur that the State remains undeveloped for so long a period but it is all because of the continuous obstructions and the demands for percentage from various organizations.
As we find that the conflict is related to both the Centre and neighbouring Nagaland, with the former it can be regarded as the Vertical Conflict arising out of the Merger Agreement in 1949 and mismanagement of the State after and with the later as the Horizontal Conflict arising out of the peculiar demand for the partition of our State Patta land. Resolutions to the two conflicts are, therefore required to be found out by holding separate discussions with the parties concerned.
In the Vertical conflict- three parties are involved viz- The Centre, the armed insurgents and the elders with no political affiliations but capable of giving academic views on behalf of the people.
As suggested, measures like effective regulations of the movement of public freely without any hindrance or obstructions from the organizations along all the NH 39 and the NH 53 and State Highways, be taken up as the first step towards the creation of the proper climate and demonstrating the Centre’s will to do something for bringing about peace and more understanding, following the repeal of APSPA from the State. This is a must from all considerations, we feel. We wish that the initiative for talk be taken by our Centre. By far the most effective step for the regulation of the two National Highways the NH 39 and the NH53 will be as we suggested in our Memoranda to the President and the Prime Minister of India for the opening of an outpost at Imphal which will serve as a watchdog under the Union Home Ministry. As to the horizontal conflict we wish to urge the Centre for speedy amendment of the Article 3 of the constitution in particular for the permanent safeguard of the small sized territories like Manipur, Tripura, Goa etc. In order to bring about the congenial atmosphere for better understanding and co-operation all the parties concerned be given the opportunities to sit together under the supervision of Centre. It can’t be that much problem which can’t be solved through discussion.
Some suggestions in respect of other administrative reforms
A. Mini Assembly For Each Constituency:
In the matter of administrative reform we have a feeling that narrowing the gap between Government and people could be possible if a mechanism be invented that would ensure people’s participation in Government and politics. Ventilation of public grievances and open discussions in the matter pertaining to public interest that would account for vibrant working of democracy will find congenial atmosphere, should mini Assemblies be introduced in all the constituencies located at places convenient for all. Matters of importance seldom get off the ground of the Assembly owing to the lack of the degree of awareness of the general public/ mass. Confining at the capital of the State by the MLAs / MPs away from the constituencies busying themselves elsewhere that often made them forget the representative character- a prerequisite of popular Government, will simply arrest the functioning and progress of democracy.
B. Monitoring cell
Another matter that deserves the attention of the Centre is the mode of administration, and working style of the bureaucrats whose dissemination of their trained intelligence and skill is nothing short of oriental potentate who often treat their office / position as the source of gain requiring to be exploited well in acquiescence with the popular Ministry. All these factors are attributed to Manipur’s acquiring the sobriquet of most corrupt State in the East and of the Union as well.
— to be contd
Source: The Sangai Express
While acknowledging the Second Administrative Reforms Commission for reposing confidence in the Association of Premier State College Seniors of Manipur (APSCS) and giving the privilege of making an effective representation of the people’s interest about the State of affairs and the “Conflict Resolution” thereon by extending the time when the Commission heard us at Imphal on the 28th July 2007, we wish to begin with a few words about our own Association, perhaps the first of its kind in the country. It is a Body of the retired State Govt. employees who served the Premier State Colleges of Manipur academics of which were recruited on the recommendations of the UPSC and later the Manipur Public Service Commission. The Association was founded in the year 2005 with the main object to preserve old values and spirit of fraternity among the members and to further promote the Academic and Social causes by formulating and presenting views to the State or Central / Statutory Bodies etc.
In consonance with our objective, the Association made a point to submit a Memorandum to the President of India, during his visit to the State on the 16th Oct.2006 highlighting the issues involving social and economic life of the people of Manipur that have been on the wane. As a result, the Ministry of Home Affairs expressing its concern sent its letter (No. 6/35/2007-NE.I dated, 11th June, 2007) to the Chief Secretary of the State for appropriate necessary action and the submission of a report thereon. The Association is really grateful to the President for his concern for the plight of the people of this frontier State. A similar response also came from the Prime Minister; for that we are grateful to the Prime Minister too.
As is the common psychology, we have a deep sense of consternation over the issues involving discomfort, fears and negative associations that we generally do not address the issues in time. However, in reality, the issues weigh heavily on our psyche and public life as well, and it becomes too high a price to pay later. Hence, the demand for an effective and timely addressal. These two vital elements as we presume, are accounted for extending their adequate attention to the vexing issues the Association placed before them. Let it serve as a good beginning in the search for an answer to the problem.
And now with the Second Administrative Reforms Commission in conformity with the terms and spirit of the objective, we feel as though a new dimension is in the offing that would ultimately help in addressing the difficult issues in the best interest of all concerned. We have every reason to repose our faith in the Commission as much as it has in us.
As our representatives of the Association apprised the Commission already of some of the major problems afflicting the State, we now with a vigour, wish to submit this representation to highlight some of the major issues involving the present conflict that requires adept handling with a priority treatment. We begin with the diagnosis of the conflicts.
Symptoms of the conflicts
The present scenario-portrays a chaotic situation- a murderous atmosphere shaking the norms of society we live in at the root in an unprecedented manner with no sight of relent. All the symptoms of an anarchic State, a long spell of disorder, conflicts: visible and invisible have all appeared for all to see. Where is the room for development for that the Centre is pumping huge amount of money unlike in the past when the State was normal and needed money most? Development of anti–incumbency sentiment for bringing about this situation and all can be comprehended in full only by an in-depth study of Manipur and her case is made at first.
Land and peoples of Manipur
Nestled between Assam and Burma (Myanmar), Manipur as a kingdom experienced a long tumultuous course of about two thousand years of history. The central valley which is about 1/10th the State size , is the hub of activities while the remaining comprises the mountainous region surrounding the valley and since time immemorial the mountainous range has been the home of medley of tribes. The history of human habitation of Manipur is a continuous one since the Pre-historic Stone Age. For the last two thousand years Manipur existed as an independent kingdom with an uninterrupted record of the rein of kings, Maharajah Budhachandra Singh being the last. The territory of Manipur extended as far as Southern China in the north, Thi-bomei (Kohima) and Sibsagar (Assam) included, Loijri in the South and Chandrapore (Cachar) in the West and Ningthi River (Irrawadi) in the East.
Manipuri is the language spoken by the valley and hill people in general and is the lingua franca of more than 30 tribes of Manipur speaking different dialects. The Manipuri language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of language. Today Manipuri stands for different communities, tribes living in Manipur namely the Meetei / Meitei community, the Pangal (Muslim) community , the Naga tribe, the Kuki tribe etc.
The kingdom was known by different names to different people surrounding the State. The Burmese called it Kathe, the Assamese- Meckley, the Cacharis- Mogli and the Shans- Cassay.
The present geographical area of Manipur is 8,650 Sq. miles. It was demarcated by Sir James Jhonstone the Political Agent in Manipur in 1882. Before this, the boundary of Manipur was demarcated in 1834 as reflected in the Agreement regarding the Kubo Valley. In that the Kubo Valley of 7,000 Sq. m was made over to the Burmese Government on the condition that the Supreme Government pays a monthly stipend of five hundred Sicca Rupees to the Rajah of Manipur vide the Agreement mutually signed by the British and Burmese Commissioners on January 25, 1834. In case of reversion of the Kubo Valley to Manipur, as per the Agreement, the allowance thus granted will cease from the date of such reversion .
In research, works done earlier is taken as very important to understand what is under studies now. To know Manipur, its evolutionary aspect of the history is relevant to the issues under discussion i.e.” the Conflict Resolution in respect of Manipur”.
For the purpose, the entire history of Manipur can be conveniently divided into the PRE-MERGER PERIOD and the POST-MERGER PERIOD, on the basis of Manipur’s status as an independent Manipur before the Merger with the Indian Union in 1949 and the post independent Manipur after the Merger.
Pre Merger Period
Historians and Scholars are one in describing the land and people of Manipur as a unique kingdom. This kingdom in the East, with about two thousand years’ glorious history behind it had already found a berth in the comity of nations. The people of Manipur defended their territory and the kingdom-hood from repeated invasion by the aggressive neighbour, Burma. They fought against the mighty British Imperial Force in 1891. The Anglo-Manipuri war or the Khongjom war of 1891 is remembered every year in memory of those who laid down their lives in safeguarding their homeland in a manner beyond description .Mani-puris also joined the Indian War of Independence in 1857.
As defined earlier the Manipuris comprise the Meeteis, the Pangals (Muslims), the hill tribes etc. and they were always united and fought shoulder to shoulder in keeping their motherland intact. The old adage holds true in case of the kingdom. Enemy within, was more dangerous than the enemy outside.
Infightings among the royal bloods for the throne and power marked the history of Manipur here and there. Entry of the Britishers in Manipur and taking share in running the affairs of Manipur in the beginning was not through invasion or war. The episodes of infighting and the seeking of outside military help paved their way. Nevertheless, the kingdom though small could never be subjugated by any force or power.
The kingdom got rid of the British colonial yoke in 1947 by sheer luck after it became inevitable for them to withdraw from India Burma etc with the end of II World war in 1945. People of Manipur rejoiced over this return of complete Independence, the State sovereignty in full. To some a frisson of fear descended however. Before this of course there was every –ground of fear for an endless war- the Second World War or Japan War as is popularly known to the Manipuris. We all know that Manipur was the centre stage of the War ; repeated and heavy bombings of the State by the Japanese forces to drive out the British forces and other allied armies brought havoc and devastation. Manipuris suffered most during II world war; no other Indian States suffered so much as Manipur suffered. The Indian National Army (INA) hoisted its flag in the soil of Manipur before the Japanese force was repulsed from Manipur and Kohima and the two Japanese cities- Hiroshima and Nagasaki were atom bombed and destroyed. The II World War came to an end in 1945. The two War Cemeteries at Imphal and one at Kohima bear the witness of the war atrocities. The INA Museum at Moirang is another war memorial in Manipur. For the people of Manipur, the end of II World War in 1945 and the termination of 56 years’ British occupation of Manipur in 1947 could have been the best opportune moment to emerge as a new nation with sufficient experience of exposure had it not been otherwise the case of merger with the newly born nation – the Union of India in the year 1949. In that two interested forces worked in collusion to effect the integration; from outside the Indian National Congress and from within the Manipur Congress Party founded in 1946. At the same time the Maharajah of Manipur Shri Budha-chandra Singh also failed to assert his full authority even as the Political Agent, Mr. G.P.Stewart in a charge handing over meeting in the midnight of 14th and 15th Aug.1947 at the Residency, Imphal declared already as “Your Highness, the British Para-mouncy over Manipur State lapse from this moment. The State of Mani-pur is handed over to your Highness”, and consequent upon this the Mani-pur State Constitution Act 1947 was also already proclaimed. His Highness was also the Head of the Council of Ministers. However, failure on his part to control the situation was a clear message of his weakness that the young and ambitious politicians became more active in their attempt to oust the king and enthrone themselves with the help of Nehru Government with that they had political clout already. The AICC also had already declared the policy in open in 1945 with respect to the question of cessation that no Indian States would be allowed to cede from the newly independent country and if any one tries to do so will be treated as enemy sounding that force will be used. This was very much in contrast with what Jawharlal Nehru declared in the Parliament that integration of States with the Union of India was not at the level of the Government, it was at the level of the people. The commitment given to the States was never honoured. Such a carrot and stick approach of the Union Government could not be understood by the people at that time not only of Manipur but also of other States. They rather believed the words of Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru who led the Nation and laid the foundation of a strong democratic nation as the holy words. Merger of Manipur on the 21st Sept.1949 at Shillong and a hectic strategy of negotiation between the officials and Budhachandra Singh, without the due approval and the backing of his subject as it should have been done in a democratic manner, could never be justified and accepted by any standard that the sense of betrayal is still in the psyche of those witnesses still alive and the children left behind by the departed ones. The event will always remain as a jeremiad for the people of Manipur. The genesis of all conflicts in the State today surely lies buried in this act of infamous Merger Agreement with India in 1949 in a venue outside the State in a pre-planned manner.
As this has been the practice to use force to solve the Law and Order problem, the people sandwiched between the two forces with no means of defending themselves are the ultimate victims of both the operations.
Next to this woes is the rampant corruption and nepotism in all spheres of life. Who bears the brunt? It is the public again. As the Highways particularly the National Highways are very often blocked for days / weeks together by some Organizations at their own sweet will – the ultimate sufferers are the people using these roads- the life lines connecting the State with outside World.
According to a recent report the State has also incurred the loss of crores of rupees due to these blockades. At the same time price hike is the prorata consequences: Nexus between the politicians and the underground groups have become inalienable now. Central Grants to Manipur for the development though received in terms of crores and crores of rupees- all were swindled.
The Centre knows this situation and its development fully yet the right solution to the problems is never found out, instead the symptomatic treatment alone is given so far. Correct diagnosis is half cure but never cared for that diagnosis. We see, the World sees, that still the APSPA continues to operate even as the Reddy Commission recommended for the repeal of this draconian Act one year back and the country’s Prime Minister expressed in favour of repealing with some modifications to make it more humane.
This clearly shows that the Centre does not bother for the State’s genuine grievances and interest. This has further strengthened the general belief that the Central Authority’s interest is centered round the strategic importance of the State alone when the people of Manipur is ruing the Agreement of Merger in 1949. Where is the meeting point? Where is the search for conflict resolution?
The eruption of violence and development of anti centre incumbency can’t be subsided. There is no reason why the youths and brave hearts will become all the more indignant as the infamous draconian Law the AFSPA has been pressed in the service that no longer serve the purpose but only evokes worldwide condemnation instead. What is most unfortunate and appalling is that a nation claiming to be the largest Democracy on earth instead of nurturing a law-based State, has been active in an exercise to keep justice and law, more so the humane consideration, at bay. It will be a wrong fangled notion if the Authority harbours optimism that the conflict will die down willy nilly as the time rolls on. Judging against the backdrop of the process of integration of the State to the Union and pent up feeling embroiled in the heart of the people of a State at the sensitive frontier in the East a humane and sober approach to the conflict can alone assuage the wounded feeling and volatile mind. It can never be by the arbitrary arrests, harassment and killings under the aegis of the Draconian Act – a legacy of the colonial era that has long been a measure of despotism in the State. With all these heavy handed methods adopted by the authority and excruciating circumstances people are exposed to, one is apt to think that Authority is set to conditioning people to police State tactics that would help create a garrison state mentality which could easily snub the democratic method. This reminds the people again and again of the fallacy of the Merger Agreement that is now considered to be the turning point in the history of Manipur and will always prompt the younger generation to look back in anger and spew venom on the Union Government and the erstwhile State Authority. We have now enough of experience of the subversion of humane values in contrast to our aspiration for the flowering of the personality in the democratic India.
The State’s woes is never ending; when the people of Manipur are helplessly fighting for the return of normalcy in their territory – it is seen that some disgruntled leaders belonging to this land have joined hands with the forces outside in the demand for a Greater Nagaland with that our Centre is busy for an amicable settlement of the Naga issue. This demand if considered by the Centre under the Article 3 of the Constitution of India, will further reduce the size of the State to the point it can’t survive as a viable State. The former kingdom of Manipur never faced such a threat in its existence. Before Merger, of the Manipur’s area, a big chunk- the Kohima (Thibomei) is already with the Nagaland and a greater portion than that the Kabo Valley which was gifted to Burma by British is still under dispute. The State can’t afford to lose its area further more. It is not negotiable under any circumstances. Merger and dismemberment can’t go together. Our valid argument is that the Merger Agreement itself is the living testimony for us to refer. We are very sensitive people and we see no solution to this.
The incident is a reminder to all involved with some knowledge of Manipur’s past history. At the same time it was a clear demonstration of the Centre’s arrogance and under-mining in open of the genuine and legitimate interest of the people and land of Manipur. It will always remain as an eternal regret. On this blunder of the Centre we would like to ask what will the Centre tell our children and all those for whom the nation builders are the living role- models for all times. Does it not go against the spirit of Merger Agreement in that the interest of both the State of Manipur as well as of the Dominion of India is the main consideration of Merger? The nation is still to prove against that.
This small State of Manipur is a geographical receptacle having a pluralistic society as an added attraction in as much as India is a geographical receptacle for many nations speaking many hundreds of tongues. Centre should not lose sight of the existence of a polyglot state in its family.
When we, the people of the valley and hill tract have been living together in this land-locked tiny state as our homeland we have been promoting the virtue of a pluralist society projecting a distinctive culture-canvass the nation can simply be proud of. Fragmenting a small territory on ethnic line propelled by a powerful militant section of the hill- tract simply bears testimony to the fabulous notion of Mahatma Gandhi, The spirit of democracy cannot be maintained in the midst of terrorism! While protecting our territory we have been promoting national political culture that would help create a bouquet of different hues in the process of which we appeal to the conscience of the brethren of the hill-tract to bury the strong sentiment tightly anchored to the ethnic root that destroys asunder the tender fabric of pluralistic society. Any attempt for further dismemberment of Manipur will lead to the birth of several new other states in the same line. It will be of a lasting value if we can incorporate the feeling of Karim Aga Khan IV, “Pluralist societies are not accidents of history. They are a product of enlightened education and continuous investment by governments and all of civil society in recognizing and celebrating the diversity of the world’s people”. In this context we wish to recall the spirit of the Article VIII (C) of the Agreement between the Governor General of India and His Highness the Maharaja of Manipur that specifically maintained that the Govt. of India undertake to preserve various laws, customs and conventions prevailing in the State pertaining to the social, economic and religious life of the people. It is obvious that the economic life of the people/State shall be affected severely, should the hill tract be torn from the territory of Manipur. To prevent dismemberment of a small state like Manipur, a retrospection of the Article 3 of the Indian Constitution is the need of the hour.
What was not visible to the older generation of our people is now clearly visible to their younger generation. In the Post Merger scenario, if the State and Central authorities consider as not sufficient enough for serious attention and action to end the conflict, the fate and future of Manipur will take its own course.
The question that poses before us today is that why the Centre trifles with such an important and emotive issue involving the pride and honour of this State for such a long period.
Will there be no initiative to end all these conflicts however difficult it may be, to address. It is certainly difficult we all agree, but it is also very important for both the State and the Centre to take up the case in the right earnestness without further loss of time. Time has come for all concerned and the nation as a whole to raise the slogan for peaceful settlement of the conflicts. India ‘s talk of lasting peace and order in the world and giving sermon to the countries in conflict will be considered as hollow and nothing but lip service only if her own domestic conflicts are left unresolved for longer period. The world is the witness to the developing situation in Manipur and neighbouring State. Mani-pur ‘s murderous situation turning the former kingdom into gravedom , breeding of armed insurgents, extortionists political thugs, corrupt men in the public service and servile people, has become the global concern . Why not the peaceful method of addressing the issue be given a chance? In an issue involving body politic of the nation, it will be more appropriate if peaceful and democratic method be allowed to precede the method of force in the search for solutions. People are still conscious of their right to expect decency from the Government of the land of Mahatma Gandhi.
Conflict resolution:
In this context, the memoranda submitted to the President and the Prime Minister of India separately in the end of the year 2006 by this Association may be conveniently recalled here. In that we have made early resolution of conflicts a serious point for consideration. We often feel that if the Centre takes the initiative in the right earnestness there will surely be a matching response from all quarters. To create the ideal situation wished, easing the tension created in the mind of people by the inordinate delay in lifting the APSPA from the State is a must. It is also the desire openly expressed by our Hon’ble Prime Minister in favour of substituting some of the unwanted or detrimental clauses from the said Act. It is for sure that this 1st step will help in restoring the people’s faith in the Centre. If the Centre acts according to the wishes of the people, the armed insurgents will also reciprocate in the fitness of things. An ideal situation is bound to develop that parties concerned will be ready for discussions and parleys; terms for peace will be found out in due course. We always feel that people’s involvement in such a people’s affairs as demanded in a democratic set up of Government and functioning is the corner-stone of success. To end the anti-incumbency feeling, measure like keeping the streets, Highways- State & National free from obstructions and Blockades should be taken up as a step forward to instill the required amount of confidence in the citizens and to ensure their right to move freely. For free movement is more important than the freedom of speech to the people who are not free to move. Highway scene has been in the people’s’ full glare to judge the guts of the Government; 52 days’ closure / blockade of the National Highway 39 by some organisations in 2005 did not face any challenge from the custodian of Law and Order in the State though the Government knows that the NH 39 is the life line of the State. How much the people suffered was nobody’s concern: people had already lost faith in the Government in power. What can be expected of those who can’t command respect from their people, leave alone their defending the territory.
Conflict between the people of Manipur and the Centre is now more clearly visible in the form of Armed insurgency in the State while the small border State has been involving itself in the nation building process ever since it was brought into the fold of Indian Union in 1949. The Merger Agreement, a turning point in the history of Manipur turns out to be the seed of conflict that prompted the younger generation to look back in anger spewing venom on the Centre or Union Government and the erstwhile State Authority ruling in its fiefdom on its subjects of the placid days of the feudal era. It is not a mere conflict pertaining to the economic aid and development of the State or the unemployment problem as projected by some observers. State politicians alone used to manipulate the situation in a way that would serve their interest better. Today this old tricks of trade is no more a secret with the Chief Minister of the State admitting in his public speeches or interviews that it is not the dearth of Grants or Funds required for the development of Manipur that the State remains undeveloped for so long a period but it is all because of the continuous obstructions and the demands for percentage from various organizations.
As we find that the conflict is related to both the Centre and neighbouring Nagaland, with the former it can be regarded as the Vertical Conflict arising out of the Merger Agreement in 1949 and mismanagement of the State after and with the later as the Horizontal Conflict arising out of the peculiar demand for the partition of our State Patta land. Resolutions to the two conflicts are, therefore required to be found out by holding separate discussions with the parties concerned.
In the Vertical conflict- three parties are involved viz- The Centre, the armed insurgents and the elders with no political affiliations but capable of giving academic views on behalf of the people.
As suggested, measures like effective regulations of the movement of public freely without any hindrance or obstructions from the organizations along all the NH 39 and the NH 53 and State Highways, be taken up as the first step towards the creation of the proper climate and demonstrating the Centre’s will to do something for bringing about peace and more understanding, following the repeal of APSPA from the State. This is a must from all considerations, we feel. We wish that the initiative for talk be taken by our Centre. By far the most effective step for the regulation of the two National Highways the NH 39 and the NH53 will be as we suggested in our Memoranda to the President and the Prime Minister of India for the opening of an outpost at Imphal which will serve as a watchdog under the Union Home Ministry. As to the horizontal conflict we wish to urge the Centre for speedy amendment of the Article 3 of the constitution in particular for the permanent safeguard of the small sized territories like Manipur, Tripura, Goa etc. In order to bring about the congenial atmosphere for better understanding and co-operation all the parties concerned be given the opportunities to sit together under the supervision of Centre. It can’t be that much problem which can’t be solved through discussion.
Some suggestions in respect of other administrative reforms
A. Mini Assembly For Each Constituency:
In the matter of administrative reform we have a feeling that narrowing the gap between Government and people could be possible if a mechanism be invented that would ensure people’s participation in Government and politics. Ventilation of public grievances and open discussions in the matter pertaining to public interest that would account for vibrant working of democracy will find congenial atmosphere, should mini Assemblies be introduced in all the constituencies located at places convenient for all. Matters of importance seldom get off the ground of the Assembly owing to the lack of the degree of awareness of the general public/ mass. Confining at the capital of the State by the MLAs / MPs away from the constituencies busying themselves elsewhere that often made them forget the representative character- a prerequisite of popular Government, will simply arrest the functioning and progress of democracy.
B. Monitoring cell
Another matter that deserves the attention of the Centre is the mode of administration, and working style of the bureaucrats whose dissemination of their trained intelligence and skill is nothing short of oriental potentate who often treat their office / position as the source of gain requiring to be exploited well in acquiescence with the popular Ministry. All these factors are attributed to Manipur’s acquiring the sobriquet of most corrupt State in the East and of the Union as well.
— to be contd
Source: The Sangai Express
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