By - Philip Thanglienmang DANICS, MA(Lingustic)
Global warming kichi tungtâng thute theichienna dîngin, amasa in greenhouse effect kichi gênchien masa vâi. Leitung pen huikhuo(atmosphere) in a tuomkhum ahi. Nisahu (sun’s heat) in huikhuo a pailet a, nisahu pawlkhat pen leitung pumpi apatin a teutu (rebound/reflect) a, vânthawmzawl leh vânhawm langah a lêngmang (radiate) let hi.
Amasapên in, leitung khu nisahu in a khaw a, tua nisahu in huikhuo a pailet a, nisahu pawlkhat leitung pumpi in a tâwp (absorb) a, leitung huikhuo sungah a kikul (kikhumlut) a, ahi’nlah, nisahu pawlkhat pen leitung pumpi mun tuomte apatin a teutu (rebound/reflect) a, vânthawmzawl leh vânhawm langah a lêngmang (radiate) let hi.
Huikhuo sunga greenhouse gases (sâu-eng huizângte) Te kikul ziehin nisahu khu lih-li sunga kikhum bangin a khum u’a, tuachiin leitung a ul (warm up) u’a, leitung sâlevot (temperature) a khangsah uhhi. Huikhuo sungah huizângte’n leitung huikhuo a satsah sêmzawna dinmun khu Green house effect kichi ahi. Zohâm in, ‘Sâu-eng tohkhâhna’ ahilouleh ‘Sâu-eng uopkhumna ’ chia minvaw thei ahi.
Greenhouse effect vânga leitung pumpi huikhuo leh tuikângpite(oceans) sâlevot tângpi (average.temperature) khang khu Global Warming kichi ahi. Zohâm in Leitung Satna kichi ahi. Leitung huikhuo opdân (earth’s climate) kikhêlsahthei den ahi chi’n a ki-um hi.
Sâintiste’n leitung satna (global warming) chi sângin ‘huikhuo opdân kikhêlna’ (climate change) a chi nuomzaw uhhi. Aziehpên, leitung satdân mun khat ah a khang sah a, mun khat ah a kiemsah zêl hi. Huilângte (winds) leh tuikângpi luongte’n (ocean currents) leitung mun pawlkhat a votsah a, pawlkhat a sasah a, tualeh guotui leh vuakiehdân zong a kikhêlsah pha hi. Tuaziehin, mun tuomtuomte ah, huikhuo opdân tuom chiet ahing tung a, a’ng piengta hi.
Sâintiste’n A.D 1824 kum a panin Green house effect om ahi chithu khu a na mudoh u’a, tuami kum in zong Pu.Joseph Fourier in ‘leitung huikhuo om sih leh leitung pen a nâh votzaw dîng hi. Greenhouse effect ziehin leitung ah ganhingte a hingthei u’a, leitung huikhuo opdân a hunbep in a sasah hi. Tam bangin leitung greenhouse effect,na om tama sih leh pen,leitung satdân 60? F in a votzaw dînga,ganhingte hindân a hamsa mama dîng hi’ chi’n a na gênkha hi.
A.D 1895 kum in, Swedish kemist Pu. Svante Arrhenius in a na gênna ah, ‘mihing in carbon dioxide; greenhouse gas, siemkhie thei dînga tuachiin greenhouse effect a tungsah dîng hi’ chiin na gê hi. Ama’ mukhietna patin kum 100 sung vingveng huikhuo opdân (climate) suikhietna ziehin leitung satna (global warming) tungtâng thugil tamtah a’ng kitheidoh hi. Leitung tângthu suichiente mukhiet dânin, leitung pienkhiet zoua patin greenhouse gases(sâu-eng huizângte) dinmun a na kiemsuh let a, tuazaw chienginleh a na khangtou zêl hi, chithu a na mukhie uhhi.
Leitung pienkhiet apatin,kum a sâng a sîng a sim dîngin, nipi leh leitung kiheidân dungzûiin, leitung satdân leh carbon dioxide omza na kikhêl zêlzêl hi.
Khuziehin, vuakhangte (ice ages) a na tung a, a na mang let hi. Hinanleh zong, kum a tûl a tûl hun sungteng a greenhouse gases (sâu-eng huizângte) khu huikhuo in a na tawpzou (absorbed) zêl hi. Tuaziehin, leitung satdân leh sâu-eng huizângte a hunbep in a na om zing thei hi. Tam bang dinmun ahiziehin, mihing khanletna (civilisation), huikhuo opdân kihleng ngailou (consistent climate) sungah a na khanglien hi.
Khatveivei chiengin, sildangte’n leitung satdân a na tongkha let hi. Tamte ahileh; muolsou pâwhte in vutvâi a thêzâh let a, tamte nisa a dâl ziehin leitung a votsah let hi. Hinanleh, tahaw pen kum tawmnou sunga silpiengte ahiziehin,hun sawtpi leitung a votsah tuon sih hi. Sildangte; El Niño chi bangin zong hun tomnou khat sung adiîngin leitung a votsah pha hi. El Niño(Nâusên Jesu) kichi pen Chile leh Peru gam zûi a,tuikângpi luong huvot(current or wave) chi khat ahi hi.
Kum 50 peisa sunga leithaute(fossil fuels);meihol leh thâutui kihâl zieh,gammâng singkungte vâtmang leh phietmang zieh, louhlaw(agriculture) zieh in carbon dioxide(kâlbon dâi-oksâit) leh huizâng dangte khu huikhuo sungah a na lût zêl a, tuachiin a na pung sêmsêm a, tua huizângte pen Leitung satna(Global warming) pienna lienpênte(primary sources) ahi uhhi.
Tuhun chiengin khawlsilsiem kikhêlna(industrial revolution), patin, mihingte’n huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide sêthumsuosêni(2/3rd) sânga vâlzaw in a thunlûtzouta uhhi. Kum a tûl a sâng vâl lût dîng pen kum sawm sungin ahing tung thut theita mawh hi! Leitung khantouna lamdang mama hi.
Leitung huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide pungsah lienpênte ahileh; U.S.A,tumlam Europe leh Russia gam hâusate ahi uhhi. Amaute’n mawtaw leh khawlte a kuon in leithâute a hâltum u’a, khawlmeivâh siemnate (power plants) leh silsiemnate(factories,industries) a kuon in,huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah sêmsêm uhhi. Gammâng kângtum,a kuon in,kumsiel a, huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide hinglût pen tam a tunga kigên kimkhat sângin zong a tawmzaw nalâi hi.
Leitung satna piengsahte:
I.Carbon dioxide(CO2)
Leitung satna piengsah greenhouse gas lienpên CO2 ahi. Anina ah, methane ahihi.
Greenhouse gas pipên ahileh; carbon dioxide ahi. Carbon dioxide kichi khu leithâu hâl apatin a silsâi(by-product)ahi;garithâu(petrol/gasoline) ahilouleh khawlmeivâh piensahna dînga kihâl suongmeihol patsa hing pawtdoh huizâng(gas) zât khat ahi. Singkungte a khan chiengun carbon dioxide huizâng khu huikhuo apatin a hîplût uhhi. A si chiengun,carbon dioxide a’ng pawtdoh kia a,tuachiin huikhuo sungah a kilekia zêl hi.
Carbon dioxide(CO2) leh huinieh(air pollution) te in leitung pen phawipi bangin a tuomlu a, tua ziehin nisahu in leitung a sasah sêm hi.
Carbon dioxide a’ng pienkhietna tam aneiate ahihi:-
1.Khawlmeivâh siemnate apat
Tv,khawlmeivâh leh kampiuterte pen suongmeihol hâlna patsa hing kisiemkhie ahi.
Khawlmeivâh i zah poupou chiengin greenhouse effect bêlap i hi uhhi.
Khawlsilsiem kikhêlna patsa’n leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide zâlah ah 25(25%) a’ng kibêlapzouta hi. Tami kimkhat pen apeisa kum 30 sunga hing lût ahihi.Tunua kum sawm sungin aleni in pungva chi lam-et ahihi. Europe mikhat in Latin America mikhat 2.5(ni leh a kim) sânga tamzaw carbon dioxide a piengsah hi.
Suongmeihol hâl a,kibawl khawlmeivâh siemnate U.S.A gam sungah carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên ahihi. Kumkhat in, tan sângtûl(billion ton) 2.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. 2002 kum in,USA ah khawlmeivâh pien thei nadînga leithâute hâltum ziehin a gam sunga 40% (zâlah a sawmli) CO2 meikhu(emission) piengsah hi. Natural gas in suongmeihol piensahza kimkhat a piengsah a,thâutui sângin 25% a tawm zaw CO2 a piengsah hi.
2. Mawtawte apat
Mawtawte ahileh carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên nina ahi uhhi. Kumkhat in,tan billion(sângtûl) 1.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. USA gam a thâutui kihâlmang patsa’n zâlah a sawmni(20%) CO2 meikhu pawtdoh khu mawtawte apat ahihi.
USA gam in barrel sângza(million) 20.4 thâutui nikhat in a zangbei a,tuachiin leitung a thâutui zang tampên ahi. Leitung munchin apata mawtaw tâiteng in CO2 a piensah uh sim talei tam mama ve’n izawle?
3.Vânlêng thâutui kuóng apat
UNO na phukhiet IPCC tuotdân in lênnate’n zâlah a (3.5%) leitung satna a kum uhhi. Kum 2050 chiengin tam pen 15% tan tungta va chi thu a phuong uhhi.
4. Inn leh loute apat
Inn leh bilding te’n 12%(zâ lah a sawm leh ni) CO2 a piengsah uhhi.
5. Gammâng phietmangna (deforestation) apat
Mihingte silbawl bân ah,singkungte phietmang ziehin zâlah ah sawmni leh nga CO2 meikhu huikhuo sungah a’ng lût hi,ekal(acre) sângza(million) 34 kumsiel in a kiphietmang let hi. Italy gam chiepha guotui kiehna gammâng kumsielin i mansuo uhhi.
Gammâng votte’n(temperate forest)kumkhat in,tan sângtûl ni(2 billiions tons) CO2 a hîplût let hi.
Siberia gam a om,gammâng votte in ekal sângza 10 kumsiel leitung in a mansuo hi. Gammâng phietmangna zieh leh singkungte hâlna(wood burning)ziehin huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide meikhu omza(amount,level of emission) a pung sêmsêm hi. Tu chiengin gammâng phietmangna pen mihingte khâmzou guol ahita sih hi.
Etsahna in,1987 kum in U.K chie a lien;Amazon guokiehna(rain) gammâng a na kihâltum hi. Tuami ziehin,huikhuo sungah tan sângza(million ton) 500 carbon dioxide a’ng lûtbe hi.
Gammâng kiphietmang vângin carbon dioxide hîplût thei singkungte a tawmsah suh mama hi.
6. Mawtaw ginglâi khawl sung apat
1996 kum in America gam sunga om; New York leh Los Angeles khopite sung beh ah,mawtaw ginglâi khawl sungin thâutui lital(litre) sângza(million) 27,276 a kihlûtmang hi
chi’n mawtaw engineerte’n mukhie uhhi. Tam khopi ni maimai apat a,thâutui kihlûtmang tengin CO2 ton 7.5 sângza a piengsah zou hi chi’n a suikhie uhhi.
7. Huikhuo leh Tuikângpi sung apat
Huikhuo sungah tan sângtûl(billion) 750 CO2 a om a,tan sângtûl 800 pen tuikângpi tui sungah a kihal hi.
8. Vuakhalgam(Permafrost region) apat
Alaska,Canada mâllam,Scandivania leh Siberia gamte ah vuakhal toh kihal leisiet a om hi. Tam leisiet sungah loupate, singhûite, singkangte, chiengkangte leh singhûi-suonghûi sâ mama a, kum 30,000 vâl masangin a na kikulte leh kiphûmlûtte ahi. Tam munte ah,leitung pumpi CO2 14% (zâlah a sawm leh li) zâ a om hi. Tam gamte tunga inn,bilding,lampi lienpipi a’ng kilam a, tam munte a’ng thawp/nêm gawp a, bildingte a’ng tumsuhsah hi. Tua chiengin,khawlmeivâh siemnate,tuilawngte leh silsiem dangdangte a’ng kibawl a,leitangte a’ng chîmkhêthei hi. Leitung detlou ziehin leisiet a luongmang (erode) thei a, leitang a kengiemthei a, leikên a pieng thei a, suongphûmte leh adangdangte a susethei hi. Tam bang a’ng tun chiengin, huikhuo sungah CO2 nempi a’ng lût hi. Vuakhal zun(thawing) ziehin kum a sâng a sâng sim a,a na kikul CO2 leh methane huite a’ng pusuoh doh hi. Tam ziehin, greenhouse effect a’ng kinthei tham hi.
Vuakhal zun ziehin,tui tampi tuikângpi sungah a’ng luonglût thei a, leitung tuikângpite sândân a’ng khangtou hi.
Vuagam(Tundra) apat
Tundra gam ah pâpe leh louhing nam 400 a om a,singkung zât 1700 tuom a om hi.
Tan sângtûl 50 tuom CO2 vuakhal sunga kikul dînga gintât ahi.
1970 kum in Pu.Walter Oechel hingsuisiem(biologist),University of California in Tundra gam pen CO2 kikulna gam hi chi’n a na simzou hi. Ahivângin,1982 kum in CO2 kikulna gam ahita sih hi chi’n a na mukhie hi. Tua gam ah CO2 a kikul nawnta sih a,tua gamte sunga patin CO2 meikhu a’ng pusuohta hi chi’n a na mudoh a,ama’n lamdang a sa hi.
II.Hui dangte:
Carbon dioxide in zâlah ah sawmnga 50% Greenhouse effect a piengsah hi. Greenhouse hui dangte ahileh; methane,chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) leh nitrous oxide(NO).
Methane huizâng
Carbon dioxide bân a greenhouse gas piengsah lienpên methane ahi.
Suongmeihol tawkhietna(mine) munteng a gammâng kiphietmang chiengin, leithâu suikhiet nadînga gammâng kihâltum chiengin leh singna-suongnate kihâltum ziehin methane hui a’ng pieng hi.
Louhlaw natohte khu methane hui piengsahtu lienpên ahi.
Tâng(bu) chînna tuiloute,bawng leh lawite apatin methane hui a pieng hi. Leitung mising pun dungzûiin louhlaw singpuoh a’ng pung a,tua mabangin,methane hui zong a’ng pung sémsém dîng hi. 1960 kum apatin methane hui 1% kumsiel in a pung let hi,tam pen Carbon dioxide(CO2) sângin alêni in a pundân a kinzaw hi. Methane in CO2 sângin 30 vei tamzaw in nisahu(sun’s heat) a hîplût zouzaw hi. Methane huizâng pen huikhuo sungah kum 10 sung tan a veiden thei hi.
Tuiloute tui in a hlup(tup=flooded) chiengin anaerobic conditions a pieng a,leisiet sunga louhingte a muot a,anaerobic bacteria te’n huikhuo sungah bu(tâng) tungtawn pansa’n CH4; Methane huizâng a pusuohsah uhhi.
IPCC tuotdân in methane in nisahu 20 vei tamzaw in CO2 sângin a khumthei zaw hi.
Tuiloute,bawng leh lawite veisan,tuikul sunga bacteria,suongmeihol leh leithâute tawkhietnate apat in methane a’ng pieng hi.
Leitung munchin ah tuilou bawlin tâng a kiphut chiet hi. Indonesia,China,India,USA gamteng ah tuilou ngen zang in tâng a kisuon hi. Tam munte apatin methane hui huikhuo sunga a’ng lût ahihi.
Nitrous oxide: Mihing silsiem leh huikhuo apatin nitrous oxide a piengthei hi.
Gammângte leh tuikângpite sung pan in nitrous oxide a’ng pieng hi.
Mihing siem nylon leh nitric acid siem,louhâlte zah ziehin,sing leh suong hâl ziehin nitrous oxide a pieng hi.
Leithâu kâhsah a kuon in,khawlmeivâh siemnate a kuon in,nitrogenous fertiliser(hâl) kimanna kuon in,gammâng kihâltum a kuon in,tualeh mihing leh ganhingte zun leh êh a kuon in nitrous oxide hing pieng ahihi.
Tutuin,Nitrous oxide in zâlah a guh(6%) greenhouse effect a tungsah hi.
CFCs(Chlorofluorocarbons):
Huivot-huisa sêmna khawl,tuivotsahna mesin(fridges),gimtuikâpte(aerosols) leh adgdg in CFCs a piengsah hi. Huikhuo sunga CFCs omza khu CO2 sânga a tawmzaw vângin nisahu(sun’s heat) a pen 10,000 vei tamzaw in a hîplût(absorb) zouzaw hi.
Huikhuo sungah CFCs kum 110 tan a veiden(survive) hi.Tuazieha,mite’n tam pen phietmangdoh dîngin a dei mama uhhi.
Leitung satna suhpungnate (feedback process)
Leitung a’ng sat deu toh kizawitawn in sâlevot suhpungna tuomtuomte zong a’ng pieng hi.
Leithâute kihâl apatin a’ng pawtdoh CO2 kimkhat pen tuikângpite’n a hîplût uhhi.
Tua bân in,tui ganhing nêute’n a hîplût u’a,ahisihleh tuiluong kivielte(circulation of water currents) tuikângpi thûhnate(depths) sungah a na kâilût uhhi.
A kimukhiet dânin,leitung a’ng sat deudeu dungzûiin tuikângpite’n CO2 a’ng hîplûtla sêmsêm dîng u’a,huikhuo sungah CO2 a’ng kilomviel dînga leitung satna a’ng khangtou sémsém díng hi.
Leitung satna a’ng sân deu dungzûiin Tundra vuakhal gam sunga methane huizáng kigawl(kikul) nempi a’ng pusuoh dîng hi. Leitung satna sân toh kizawt in,tuipi neia,methane huizâng kikhumte zong a’ng pusuohdoh dîng a, leitung satna a’ng khangsah sém dîng uhhi.
Sâlevot suhpungna khat kia lêulêu ahileh; hui sâlevot(air temperature) sân ziehin tui tamzaw tuihusuoh(evaporate) in, meilum a’ng tam dînga, a’ng sà(thick) mama dînga,tuate’n leitung hu(earth’s heat) a khum(trap) dînga, nisahu atung langah, a le lênmangsah(to reflect)tadîng hi. Leitung a’ng sat sémsém toh kizúiin,meilumte hu zieha kikulna a’ng úong deudeu dîng hi.
December,2005 kum in National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ah Pu.David Lawrence lamkai in Pu.Andrew Slater,University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center toh feet 11.2 a sâ vuakhal khat huikhuo opdân etkhiehnate(models) a na bawl uh a,huikhuo opdân kihlenna(climate change)ziehin feet sawm(10) a sâ vuakhal a zung mangthei ahi chi’n a mukhie uhhi. Tam banga,mihingte’n nâtoh silbawl a bawl zing uh leh,A.D 2050 kum chiengin tuhun a,4,000,000 square mile vuakhal gam pen 1,000,000 square mile suohta dînga,2100 kum chiengin 4,00,000 square mile in a kiemsuhta dîng hi chi’n a tuotkhie uhhi.
Vuakhalgam tam chie a’ng zun chiengin greenhouse huizângte nempi a’ng pusuoh dînga,leitung satna a’ng uòngsah thei dînga,tu-a kituotdân sángin zong leitung satna a’ng huoise zawthei ahi chi’n a gên hi. University of Florida sânginnpi a sâintis Dr. Ted Schuur khu Siberia gam ah a va hawta a,feet 10 sâ vuakhal khat,a laboratory a’ng tut hi. Tuami vuakhal pen hitmêngte’n(microbes) a sim(attack) u’a,tuachiin greenhouse huizângte tuami sunga patin a’ng pusuohdoh(emerge out) hi. Leitung sâlevot a’ng sâng dînga,leitung satna a’ng khangtou dîng hi.
Greenhouse huite piengsah lienpen pawlkhatte
Gam(Country) CO2 meikhu(million tons) CO2 mekhu mi khat pawtsah(tons)
USA 6046 20.60
China 5007 3.8
Russia 1524 10.60
India 1342 1.20
Japan 1257 9.90
Germany 808 9.80
Canada 639 20.00
Italy 450 7.80
World 28,983 4.50
(Source: TOI articles on Global Warming,Earth on Fire dated November,28,2007)
Leitung satna bangchi kitheikhie ahiei ? Leitung satna kitheitheinate tam aneia teng ahihi:
i) Huikhuo sunga CO2 pung sémsém
ii) Leitung sâlevot limguong(graph) apatin
iii) Khuo(guozuh-nisat) huoise deudeu tam sémsém pien apat in,
iv) Vuakhaltângte zungmang kimukhie apatin,
v) Artic leh Antratic vuakhal tui zun zieh in,
vi) Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,
vii) Leitung lâi lah a,natna tuomtuomte kithêzâh ziehin,
viii) Tuikeppâhte kisuhsietna zieh leh tuikângpite sat zieh in leitung satna a kitheithei hi.
NASAte Goddard Space Flight Center mukhiet dânin Greenland vuagam phêng sungah 8% leitung vuâkhal a om a(Antartica ah leitung vuâkhal 91% a om hi),tua pen a zung huoihuoita hi chiin a phuong hi. NASA high-tech aerial survey dungzûiin, Greenland tuipi pangteng ah kumkhat in 18 cubic kms(11 cubic miles) vuakhal a zungmang let a,tami in kumchin a,leitung tuipi sândân zâlah ah 7% khangsah(pungsah) hi. Kumzalom masa lâi apata tuipi sândân na kitê dungzûiin tuipi pen inchi 9(kuo) in a sângtou/khangtou a,huipi a’ng lân chiengin tuipi gam ngiemdeuna munte tui in a tum (tui in a hlum) thei dîng hi,chiin a kimukheta hi.
Tam bang dinmun pen Indonesia,Phillipines,Mauritius,Bangladesh leh tuipi ngiemdeuna gam dangdang ah a tung panpanta hi. Artic tuipi pen USA gam chie bang pha ahia,tam vuagam pen ekal sângza 250 in a neusuhta hi. Kum 50 peisa hun sungin Antartica gamkithum(peninsular) satlevot tângpi pen Fahreinheit digri 5 in a khangtouta hi. Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,a vuakhaltângte tuipi zuon in suazaw tahin a kitawl hi. Wellingdon School of Medicine Health department a sêm zatoute gên dânin South Pacific tuikuogam a thoukâng khosih natna lân pen leitung satna zieh a sê(ngaw) uhhi. March 2006 kum in sâintiste’n Caribbean,Puerto Rico leh Virgin Island tuikuolgamte ah tuikeppâh simangthang huoisetah a mukhie uhhi.
Indian Ocean tunga om; Maldives leh Seychelles tuikuolgam sungte a om tuikeppâhte zâlah a 90% kum ni sungin a sigamta hi. Tam tuikeppâhte pen tuikuolgamte’a dînga kivâna lienpi khat ahihi. Tam tuikuolgamte pen guokiehna gammâng toh a na kitêkâh a,tuachiin tuipi nuoia guokiehna gammâng(under water rainforest) chiin a kiminvaw kêi hi. Tui ganhingte,ngate leh ganing dangdangte a dînga tuipi hinna biel ahia,nga leh tui ganhingte in nêh leh tâh muna mun a, a zah zing uh khu tuikeppâhte ahihi. Leitung huikhuo sunga Co2 punna ziehin tuipi sungah kalsiem(calcium) a’ng kitasamta a tuachiin tuikeppâhte a khan dîng bangun a khangtheita sih uhhi. Leitung tuikeppâhte kum 50 sungin a simang siengta dîng uhhi,chiin mipilte’n a gên uhhi.
Leitung satna ziehin bangteng a na piengzouta a ? bangteng a’ng piengthei nalâi e ? Bangzieha tami thute ngâikhâwh dîng ahiei ?
UNO Human Development Report dungzuiin, gam khangsate pen leitung mising sim in,zâ lah ah sawm leh nga(15%), ahi vângun leitung huikhuo sunga Carbon dioxide a thunlût zâ uh a sâng mama a,amaute’n zâlah ah sawmnga(50%) leitung huikhuo sunga CO2 omza a piengsah uhhi. Bangma a kibawl man sih leh, 2030 kum tun chiengin leitung sâlevot 1.5 apat 4.5 kikâl sungah a sângtouta dîng hi.
IPCC mukhietdân in,kum sa pênpên 12 te lah kum 11 teng khu 1995 leh 2006 kikâl sunga tung ahi chi’n a phuong uhhi. Kum 12 peisa sungteng lah ah,kum 11 sung mawngmawng leitung tângthu kikhum apata sapênpên kumte ahi uhhi.
Kum 50 sunga kitheikhiet dânin sun vot leh zân vot sângin,sun sat leh zân sat tam sémsém zaw chiin a na kichiemtê hi.
Greenhouse huizângte ziehin huikhuo opdân kintahin a kikhêlsahthei a, leitung hinna nei ganhing pawlkhatte’n a thuohla mama dîng uhhi. Huikhuo opdân thâ leh a kimagêntheilou sil mukhâhlou tungte pen hinna(nuntâtna) nei zousie’a dîngin thuohlahuoi mama ahihi.
Tângthu dungzûiin enta lei zong,leitung huikhuo opdân pen sat leh vot kikâh ah luoi kivei bangin a na om let hi. Tulâitah a,sâlevot leh vuakhal khanglâia ahing kitêkâh chiengin 5?C(9?F) beh, a kikhietna a kimuzou hi. Tam bang sâlevot kivei kawikawi pen, a muonmuonnou in, a tung a,kum a sâng a sîng a na lût zêl hi.
Leitung sâlevot digri 3-4? C tanpha hing khanbê taleh,leitung ah bangchi bang silsie leh sillamdang ahing piengthei diei ? chite sâintiste’n a’ng khuol chiengun tam a neia kigênteng ahing piengthei ahi chi’n a phuong uhhi.
i) Tuizînte’n mihing sângza(million) 330 a suonmang(to displace) dîng hi.
ii) Tuizînte ziehin mihing sângza(million) 220-440 thoukâng chithuopi(malaria) a vei dîng uhhi.
iii) Gammângte,loute leh khopite’n thoukâng chithuopi(dengue,malaria) leh thousi thatha a buoipi dîng uhhi.
iv) Ganhingte tênna kisuhsiet leh singkungte kisâtmang ziehin ganhing chî leh singkung chî tampite a mangthangta dîng hi. Leitung sâlevot 1.5 digri apatin 2.5 digri hing khangta leh, ganhing leh sinkung chí leh namte zâlah a,sawmthum (30%) a mangthangta díng uhhi.
v) Khopihuisie, Gamgawna, Gamkâhna leh silmukhâlou tampi piengthei ahihi.
Vuakhaltângte zung
Leitung gamkaipi(continent) guh sunga om vuakhaltângte zungmang u’a a manthâi sieng dîng kisata hi. Chimulthawhuoi silpieng nempi a piengzouta hi. Americate Presidentpu Taft in 1910 kum in Glacier National Park a na bawlkhie hi,tuami mun ah vuakhaltâng 50 a na om hi. Tu chiengin,vuâkhaltâng 30 maimai a omta bou hi. Tambanga,leitung satna a peitou zêl leh pen, 2030 kum chiengin tuateng a mangthang siengta dîng uhhi,chi’n Pu. Fagre in a magên hi.
Leitung satna ziehin Uganda(Africa) gam sunga om; Ruwenzori vuakhaltâng zungmang sieng dîng a kisata hi.
North America leitang sunga vuakhaltâng golpên; Bering vuakhaltâng khu adung mêl sagi(7) a zungmangzouta hi. 1963-1987 kikâl sungin Kenya gam a om; Kenya Tâng(Mt.Kenya) tunga Lewis vuakhal khu zâlah a sawmli(40%) zungzouta hi. Peru gam a om Qori Kalis vuakhaltâng zong a zungmang nâhta a,mit a muthei hiel in,nisiel in feet 2 a kitawtou(recede) hi. India gam sunga om,Gangotri vuakhaltâng zun ziehin kumkhat in metre 30 a kikhîntou let hi. Kum 50 malâi a, Sir Edmund Hillary leh Tenzing Norgay in Everest muol/tâng kâina a pansia gêl vuakhaltâng khat na om pen leitung satna ziehin tuinle mêl thum(3 miles) tandongin a sahtou lam ah,a na kikhîntou zou hi.
September 15,2000 kum a thusuo ‘Science’ hildânin Lonnie G. Thompson leh Ellen Mosley-Thompson(Ohio gam pan) tegêl in,Himalaya tâng feet 20,000 thûh sungpan in vuakhalte a toudoh uhhi. Tam vuakhalte(ice cores) a tawdohna pan u’a,a’ng mudoh uh pen ahileh; apeisa kumza(100 years) sungteng pen kum 1000(tûl) khat peisa sungteng lah pansa a sapênpên ahihi,chi’n a mukhie uhhi.
South America gamkai a om; Andean tâng tunga vuakhal omte zong a zung panpanta a, 2020 kum chiengin tuate a mangthangta dîng hi chiin sâintiste’n a gên uhhi. Tam vuakhal zungmang patsa ahing luongsuh luidung tuite sândân(water level) zong a ngiemsuh deudeuta a,muol leh tâng sânna munte nâhpitahin leitung satna a pungzaw sêm hi chiin a phuong uhhi. Vuakhalgam apat a,tuisieng a’ng luongte zong a mangthangta dîng hi.
Artic Tuipi vuakhal zung
Artic vuakhallu(polar artic ice cap) apata tuisieng luongte zâlah ah kuo(9%) kumsawm danin(per decade) in kiem zêl hi,ch’n sâintiste’n a mudohta uhhi. USA chie a lien Artic gam ekal sângzâ 250 tandongin a nêusuhta hi. California,Maryland leh Texas teng kigawm chie ahihi.
Nov 17,1999 New York times thusuo sunga sâintiste hildân in 1993 kum apatin 1997 kum sungin Artic tuipi vuakhal khu a sâdân feet guh(6) a phasuhta hi chi’n a gên hi. Tam pen 1958 patsa 1976 sungteng in a sâdân feet 10 na hi ahihi. Tami i chi chiengin Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 30 sungin 40% vuakhal a zungmang thangta hi chin a’ng kitheithei hi.
Norwegian mipilte gêndân in Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 50 zou tuom in a mangthang ta dîng hi,chiin a gên hi. Square mile 14,000 kumsiel in a zungmang zou hi chi thu pen Washington Post thusuo Dec 3,1999 in a na gên ahi.
Antartic Tuipi Vuakhal zung
Greenhouse huizângte a sâng deudeu a,leitung vuakhal phêng opna Greenland leh Antartica zong a zung panta hi. Kum sawmnga peisa sungteng in Antartica gamphêng ah sâlevot tângpi in degri 5 in a khang hi. Tam gam pen vuakhal sâtah opna gam phêngpi ahi. Ahi’n lah,1990 kum apatin vuakhalte zunmang a na kipanta hi. Vuakhallute zun ziehin leh tuikângpi sat dawm ziehin tuipi tung a’ng sâng deu a,kumsiel in mm 1 apat mm 2 tandong a sângtou hi.
New Zealand gam a om Tasman Glacier kumza sungin metre 100 vâlin a kiemzou(pazou) hi. New Zealand vuakhaltângte 1890 leh 1998 kikâl in 26%(zâ lah a sawmni leh guh) in a kiemzou hi.
Guòzuh-nisat huoisetah tam sémsém
Tuikângpi sândân a’ng khan sémsém,bân ah,khuo(guozuh-nisat) a’ng uóng deudeu hi. Tuachi’n,tuizîn leh gamgawna,gamkâhna,khopihûisie leh guòsie a’ng pieng tam sémsém hi. Tuazaw in,guòtui kelou ìn gam a’ng gawsâu theita hi. Hâichi chîngthei lou in,leitung mun tampi a’ng buoisezâhta hi.
Tuizînte,gamgawnate,gamkâhnate leh khopihuisete a’ng tam sémsém hi. Leitung satna ziehin tuikângpi sândân(level) a’ng khangtou sémsém dînga guozuh-nisat huoisetah tampi leitung mun tuomtuomte ah a’ng tunta hi. Tam tui zungte’n leitung tuikângpite nâhpitahin a khangsah sémsém thei hi. Leitung tuikângpite tunga tênna tuikuolgamte tui in a hlummangta dîng uhhi. Leitung tuipi sândân khan zieha tui in a tup(hlup) dîng tuikuolgamte leh tuipi pangte ahileh; Maladives,Marshall Islands,Kiribati,Fiji Islands,Solomon Islands,Papua New Guinea,Gulf of Mexico,Gulf of Florida,Gangetic Delta,West Indies leh adangdangte.
· 1993 kum in Mississippi gamngiem(basin) ah tuisânglêt in gamte a hlum(tum) a na sieng hi. Lelam khat ah,Carolinas gam ah gamgawna nasa a na tung hi.
· 1992-93 leh 1994-95 phalbi sungin California gam ah tuizîn thupi na tungzou a,ahiin lah,kum dangte; 1986-87 leh 1987-88 phalbi sungin tam mun ah gamgawna a na tung hi,chiin National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) makâi Dr. Kevin Trenberth na gên hi.
· 1988 kum in USA gam sungin sahu(heat wave) huoisepên a tuoh hi.
· 1995 kum ngêlin zong USA gam central south ah gamgawna nasatah in a na pieng hi.
· 1996 kum in Midwest gam ah khâllâi tahin tuizîn huoisetah a na tung hi.
· 1997 kum September sung leh October kipat kuon lam in,Indonesia gam sungah gammâng pari sângza(million hectares) sânga tamzaw a na kângtum a,tuami in,leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah sêm hi. Tuami gammâng kâng in Asia suolang leh simlam huikhuo pen meikhusie(smog) toh a tuom pumlum a,mite a buoizâh sah hi.
· 1999 kum in pingpei nasatah khat a na pieng a, tuipi pang gamteng ah sietna leh manna lienpi a na tunzou hi.
· 2001 kum in Orissa gamkai 30 lah a 25 sung ah tuizîn a na tung a,mihing sângza 30 a buoizâhsah zou hi. Tuami kum sungin zong gamgawna huoisetah a na pieng a,gamkai selisuosethum sânga lienzaw a tongkha hi.
July hla 2005 kum in Mumbai khopi sungah tuizîn huoisetah khat a na tungzou hi.
Leitung satna in USA gam sungah silsie tampi a’ng tunzou hi. 2002 kum in Colorado,Arizona leh Oregon gam sungte ah gamkâhna lienpi a tung hi. Tuami kum sung ma in,gamgaw ziehin vutpi huisie Montana,Colorado leh Kansas gam sungah a lânse mama hi. Texas,Montana leh North Dakota gam sungah tuizîn nasahtahin a tung lêulêu hi. Sum leh pâi simsienglou in a mangthâi gawp hi.
USA gam sung guoh hilou in,Europe gam ah 2003 kum in, nisahu huoisetah(extreme heat waves) a na lâng in,mihing tûl sawmni (20,000) vâl a thatgam a,India gam sungah mihing tûl leh zanga vâl sizou hi.
Tuachi mabangin,Greece gammâng(2005) kâng in mihing tampi gentheina a tun a,sum leh pâi tampi na mangzou hi. October hla,2007 kum in California gam sungah gamkâhna huoise mama a na tungzou hi. Tami gammâng(2007) kângte in huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah mama hi. California gammâng kâh ziehin mihing nempi leh flimstar minthang tampite’n buoina a na tuoh uhhi.
Gamkâhna opzou in,Jan 5-7,2008 kum in California mâllam tângte tungah vuakiehna huoisetah na tung hi. Phalbi huipi sie in US tumlam tuipi pangte a na sâtzâh a,mihing 3 a si a,mihing a sâng a síng in,a buoisezâh u’a,summêtbawlna lam zong a nâh suhsiet hi.
California,Oregon leh Washington sungah khawlmeivâh a si a,mihing sâng tampi buoise gawp uhhi. Mite’n inn leh lou tâisan uh heh chi’n USA kumpi in thupieh uhhi.
January 29-30,2008 sungtengin China gam sunga vuakiehna huoisetaha a pien ziehin, meilêngsaite,vânlêngsaite leh lampi tampi vua in a hlupta(tupta) ziehin mipi nuoi 5 vâl buoisegawp uhhi.
Ganhing chí leh zât tampi mangthang dîng
Khopihuite- Khopihuite leh pumpeite a’ng tam sêmsêm and a’ng sua deudeu,tuikângpite a’ng satdeu chiengin tui tampi tuihusuoh in a lêngmang hi. Mukhietnate apatin chimulthawhuoi mama hi.
Tuipi sat sémsém ziehin tuipi tung a sâlevot a khangsah sém dînga, pingpei(pumpei) nasetah leh huoisetah Atlantic tuikângpi leh Gulf tuipi pangteng ah a tungsah dîng hi.
Japan gam ah: September hla 1991 ku in Typhoon Mireille(huipisie) in Japan a sâtzâh hi. September hla 1993 kum in Typhoon Yancy in sâtzâh kia hi- 1993 kum adînga a sawm leh thumveina ahia,kum sawmnga sung adînga huoise tawpna vawt khat ahi.
North America gam ah: January hla 1993 kum Shetland ah khopihui a na lâng a,oil tanker Braer tunni a kisuo hi.
March hla 1993 kum in 'Storm of the Century' khopihui in America a na sâtzâh a, sum leh pâi a sim dîngin dollar sângtûl 1.6 pha Canada gam apatin Cuba gam tandong in mangthâisah hi.
December hla 1993 kum in pingpei huzâp ziehin Britain gam in kum 40 sunga tuizîn huoisepên a na tuoh hi.
2007 kum November hla sungin Bay of Bengal tuipi tungah pumpei a’ng kiviel a,Bangladesh tuipi pang gamzângteng ah tuizîn a na tungsah a,mihing tûl thum(3000) vâl a na shi hi.
Huikhuo opdân kikhêl phutthei ahi: Huikhuo opdân thakhat thu in a’ng kikhêlphut leh leitung mun lienpipite khu têntheilouna mun a’ng suohta dînga,kiel thupi,tui muzawlouna chinteng in a’ng bop chiengin mihingte pen gam tuomtuom ah a’ng pêmkhe dîng u’a,tuolgâl leh gimthuohna nempi a’ng piengta dîng hi.
Ozone phêng(layer) leh Ozone Hole
Leitung pumpi huikhuo khu Ozone huizâng in a tuomkhum ahi. Tami tuomkhumna khu Ozone layer a kichi hi;Zohâm in Ozone phêng kichi ahi. Tam ozone phêng(layer) in vânhawm,nisa leh âhsite patsa hing kipandoh hu hoiloute a dâl zêl ahi. Tam banga hing lêngkhie hui hoiloute ozone phêng in na khâmta sih leh,leitung mihingte’n natna hoilou; vun cancer,mittawtna adangdang a thuoh dîng uhhi.
Greenhouse huizângte; CFC huizângte,Methane leh adangdangte ziehin Antartic gamkithum tung sâng lam ah,ozone hole vang lien sémsém ta hi.
Leitung satna ziehin,kum 2002 leh 2004 kikâl in,mihing sângza 262 in gentheina, tuosietna leh silmukhâhloute leh liengvaina tuomtuom tampi a tuoh kha uhhi.
A.D 2020 kum tandongin leitung satna ziehin mihing sângza 120 apatin sângtul 1.2 tanpha in tuinéh mula un,hasatna a nga díng uhhi.
2050 kum tan chiengin cm 20 leh cm 50 kikâl sungin a sângtou dîng hi chi’n sâintiste’n a magên uhhi. Tam in tuipipang gamzângte leh luidung muate(estuaries) gêntêna in Bangladesh leh Nile Delta munte ah tuizîn a tun dîng hi.
Tam banga, leitung satna pen vuakhallute(poles) ah a sângtouzaw dînga,leitung lâi lah(tropics) a ngiemzaw dîng hi. Tunpi sângin phalbi a sazawta dîng hi.
1800 kum lâikim tuom apat a kisim toutou in,1999 kum pen,kum sa lahlah a,sim in angâna ahi.
1998 kum khu kum sapênpên ahihi.
Thomas Karl,Director of the National Climatic Data Centre(NOAA) mu dungzuiin,sâlevot khandân pen kumzalom khat sungin 5.4 apatin 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit tan in,a khang hi.
Apeisa kum 18,000 patsa 20,000 kikâl vuakhang tungsa toh têkâh in tu tandongin leitung sâlevot pen degree 5 apatin 9 tan a khangta hi.
Tambanga leitung satna sân deudeu ziehin kum 100,000 masang sângin leitung a’ng sazaw dîng hi. Tambanga silpieng zong a’ng kinaw sémsém díng hi. A theihuoi khat ahileh; vuakhal khang nuakhia sunga 3? satdân khantouna dîngin kum sâng tampi a na lût hi.
Tami kumzalom bei kuon chiengin leitung satdân dinosaur ganhingte hun lâi a toh a’ng kikim kha maithei ta dînga,mihingte a hingthei na dîng uoi? chipên ginmawhuoi mama hi.
Sâintis khenkhat gêndânin kum 80 zou chiengin leitung satna sân ziehin mihingte’n gentheina nempi a tuohta dîng uhhi,chi’n a magên uhhi.
Leitung greenhouse huizângte bangchi suhkiem dîng ahita ei?
Kyoto Protocol toh kizawitawn a,Leitung gam kumpi tuomtuomte chiemna dungzûi enta lei,leitung a CO2 pen 4-6 % beh a kiem dîng ahigiap hi. Leitung greenhouse huizângte suhkiemna dîngin tam aneiteng bawl ngâi leh kûl ahi:-
1. Mesin sieng deu leh thâutui tawmnêh deu mesin siem ngâi hi.
Mawtaw huiniehte leh khawlmeivâh siemna apata huiniehte suhkiem ngâi ahi. Mawtaw siengzaw leh khawlmeiâh siemna thâte zah dîng a kûl mama hi. Hydrogen fuel cell mawtaw siem kinkin a zah dîng a kûl mama ta hi. Hybrid gas-electric mesin in tuhun chiengin leitung satna sethumsuo seni in a kiemsah thei dîng hi.
2. Hui thahâtna(wind power),nisa thahâtna(solar energy) leh leisiet hu(earth’s heat) hâtangtah a siem leh zah poimaw mama hi.
3. Meivâh san(incandescent bulb) tângin meivâh ngou(fluoroscent bulb) i zah chiengun khawlmeivâh man i sukiem u’a,tam meivâh damsung in CO2 meikhu kilo 320 tuom huikhuo sungah a lût nawn sih dîng hi.
4. Suongmeihol leh leithâu tawmzah sêmsêm dîng ahi.CFCs piengsaht mesin zousie phietmang a ngâi hi. Gammâng phietmangna zong nâh suhkiem kûl ahita hi.
5. Suongmeihol sânga CO2 tawm piensahzaw Natural gas zahzaw a hoi ahi.
6. Gammâng phietmangna suhtawp a,gammâng suonkiana(afforestations)nasatah a,bawl a singkungte suon thâkia dîng a kûlta hi.
7. UNO tuotdân a,leitung huikhuo opdân a ngai banga i opsah dîng leh tam leitung a thâutui i zahte 60% a,a kinkin a suhkiem dîng ahi chi’n a phuong hi.
8. Nuclear Power in CO2 a piengsah sih a tuaziehin thahâtna(energy,power) piengsah dangte suonkhe dîng in a deihuoi mama hi.
9. Carbon credit i lei chiengin a sum pen singkungte suonna in a kimang a,greenhouse meikhu a kikiemsah thei hi.
10. Mawtaw a tâi sânga thâutui nelou tâitheinate;cycle,lêng chi tuomtuomte zah dîng ahi.
Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint)
Vânlêng tuon,Mawtaw tuon,khawlmeivâh zah leh innsung vanzah tuomtuomte patsa mimal ahilouleh innsung khat in Carbon meikhu a piensah(pawtsah) khu Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint) kichi ahi. Mimal khat in kalbon ketot kum khat in tan(ton) tampi a piengsahzou hi. Singkungte’n Kalbon dioxide a hîplut(atawp) ahi man in,tami Kalbon Ketot suhbeitheina dîngin singkungte suonna dînga sumtang a tuothei ahi.
Kalbon Credit(Carbon credit)
I kalbon ketot beitheina dîngin sum leh pâi sêngin kalbon credit a kileithei hi. Tami i nuom leh UN Agency tungtawn a, i min i khumlut ngâi ahi.
Kyoto Protocol 1997-98
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate(IPCC) mipilte(sâintiste) in a mukhiet dân un, greehouse huizângte ziehin leitung sâlevot tângpi(av.temp) pen 1990 kum apat 2100 kum tandongin 1.4? apatin 5.8 ? C,tan in sângzaw dîngin a na magên uhhi. Leitung pumpi a om gam tampite in leitung satna bangchi suhkiem dîng ahiei chi’n leitung pumpi gam tampite’n Japan khopi Kyoto ah Dec,1997 kum apat March 15,1998 tan in leitung huikhuo sunga greenhouse huizângte suhtawm theina dîngin kikupna a na nei uhhi. Tuami hun leh mun ah,Kyoto Protocol chi’n kithukimna khat a na bawl uhhi. July 2006 dongin,gam 164 in a pomkip chietta uhhi.
1900 patsa 2100 kikâl leitung sâlevot khandân magetna
UNO conference on climate change at Bali(Indonesia) 2007
Indonesia gam sunga om; Bali Khopi a ‘Huikhuo opdân kikhêlna tungtâng a UNO Khawmpi(UNO Conference on Climate Change 2007 at Bali)
Apeisa December 1-15,2007 sungin Malaysia gam sung a om Bali khopi ah leitung pumpi a gam 188 a na kisukhawm u’a,pallâi 10,000 vâl leitung satna suhkiem dîng dân a na kikumkhawm zou uhhi. Tuami hun ah,Bali Resolution chiin kithukimna khat lâisuo a na bawl uhhi. Tam kithukimna ah,mâllam(north)gamkhangsate in simlam(south) gamzawngte teknolozi(technology) siengthoute toh a panpi dîng ahi chi’n kithukimzou uhhi.
Mallâi apat a carbon dioxide meikhu pawtsahtuteng adiehin USA leh gamkhangsate’n huikhuo opdân kikhêlna zieha silpiengte gamgawna,tuizînte,tuinêh mulana leh adangdangte khu gamzawngte’n a nanzouna dîngun,gamkhangsate’n sum leh pâi,tha leh zung,pilna-siemna,khawlsilsiem siengthoute toh a panpi ngâi hi chi’n a kithukim kia lêulêu uhhi.
Tumlam khawlsilsiem lam a gamkhangsa kumpite/nampite in CO2 piengsah nalâi maleh uh zong,South America gamte leh Asia gamte’n zong CO2 sângtahin a piengsah u’a,kum 2010 chiengin tumlam gamte a khûpta dîng uhhi.
Gam khangpante’n gêndân ahileh amaute pen leitung satna piengsahtu ahi sih uhhi chi’n a pang têntûn u’a,gam khangsate mawpuohna in a sim uhhi.
India pallâi gênhâtna zâl a tam bang kithukimna hing pieng ahi chi’n Times of India thusuo in a gên hi.
Leitung mising toh têkâh lei,USA mising pen zâlah ah li(4%) ahi giap hi. Hinanleh,USA in suongmeihol leh leithâute a hlûtmang ziehin carbon dioxide nieh khu zâlah ah sawmni leh nga(25%) a piengsah hi. Leitung pumpi sunga CO2 piengsah tampên USA ahihi.
China,India leh Japan gamte kigawmkhawm a CO2 piengteng sângin USA gam sunga CO2 pieng a tamzaw hi. Tuazieha,gên sese lou a,USA in CO2 pien suhtawm theina dîng lamsang a,makaina a lâh dîng tangâi phamaw mama in a kigên hi.
Leithâutui piengsah gamte leh USA in zong a thâutui zuate uh a sukiem nuom tuon sih uhhi.
USA gam pallâi nuolhât ziehin tamza khumza greenhouse huizâng suhkiem dîng chithu a kithukimtheita sih uhhi. Hinanleh,Canada leh gam 36 te’n Kyoto Treaty namdetna a nei chietta u’a,tuachiin amaute kikâl ah kihoukhawmna nei a,tuachiin kitûhtâhna lienpi toh tup leh ngîm phatna nei kia dîngin zong a kihânchiem chiet ta uhhi. Tuachiin 2020 kum dongin meikhu pieng mawngmawng 1990 kum a sândân sânga zâlah a 25 patsa 40(25-40%) kiemsahzaw(tawmsah zaw) dîng chi’n a kithukim chietta uhhi.
Gam dangte; India,China,USA leh gam 150 te in vâng bangma kamchiem,tup leh ngîm a bawl sih uhhi.
Gammâng phietmangna in leitung ah greenhouse meikhu zâ lah a sawmni(20%) a piengsah hi.
Tuaziehin,Bali khopi a hing kikhawm gam pallâite’n gammâng phietmangna douna díngin dollar sângtûl tampi pekhe dîngun kamchiem a bawl uhhi. Tami i chi chiengin gammâng suonkiana dîngin,mâilam hun chiengleh gamkhangsate’n gamkhanpante dollar sângtûl 23 a pedîng uhhi,chi’n a kithukim uhhi.
Tam khawmpi lawchinna thupi bang e? i chi leh; hun peisa a USA gam na tel lou tam mun pan in a’ng telthei a, a’ng sunglut thei khu ahi.
Nobel Peace Prize 2007
USA gam Vice-president (kumpinêu) masa Pu.Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet IPCC tegêl in Leitung satna toh kisai a,ngâikhâwhna leh veinatna a nei uh toh kituohin mukhietna leh pulahna a’ng nei zieh un, Nobel Peace Prize vâihawmte’n 2007 kum a Nobel Peace Prize pen, Pu. Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet; IPCC tegêl a hawmpieh uhhi. Pu.Algore ahileh USA gam sunga huikhuo opdân toh kisai a,thu leh la gên hâtpên ahia, ama’n leitung satna toh kisaiin,flim minthang mama khat a na bawlkhie hi. Tutu a,IPCC Chairman Pu.Pachauri ahi.
Sources of reference and translations:
1 .EcoBridge website
2. Live Science website
3. Young People Trust for Environment website
4. Natural Resource Defense Council(NRDC),USA
5. Times of India 2007
6. Manaroma Yearbook 2007
Thuteng poimawte hâmbu(Glossary of important words)
Bíng=Anaerobic
Binghit=Anaerobic bacteria
Bíngmuotna=Anaerobic reaction
Dânin=As per
Dungzuiin=According to
Ekal=Acre
Etkhiehna=Model
Flim= Film
Gamkâhna=Forest fire
Gamkai= Continent
Gamkhanglou=Undeveloped country
Gamkhangsa=Developed country
Gammâng=Forest,Woods
Gammâng Phietmangna=Forest Clearance,Deforestation
Gammâng Suonkiana= Afforestation
Gammâng Vot=Temperate Forest
Gamngiem=Basin,Lowland
Gamzawng= Poor country
Ganhing namte=Animal species
Ganhingsuisiem=Zoology
Garithâu=Petrol,Gasoline
Guozuh-Nisat=Weather
Hâl=Fertiliser
Hawm= Vang. Hole
Hingsuisiem=Biologist
Hinna Biel=Ecosystem
Hitmêngte=Microbes,Microrganism
Hlum=To flood,To cover with water
Hlup=Tup,Flooded
Hu=Heat
Hui=Air
Huikhuo Opdân Kikhêlna=Climate/Climatic Change
Huikhuo Opdân=Climate
Huikhuo=Atmosphere
Huilân=Blowing Of Wind,Breezing
Huilâng=Wind
Huinieh=Air Pollution
Hui thahâtna=Wind power
Huizâng=Gas
Huoisetah=Extreme
Kalsiem= Calcium
Khangsa=Developed
Khanglou=Undeveloped
Khangpan=Developing
Khanletna=Civilisation
Khawlmeivâh Siemna=Electricity Plant,Power Plant
Khawlsilsiem= Industrial
Khawlsilsiem khang= Industrial Age/Era
Khawlsilsiem Kikhêlna=Industrial Revolution
Khawlsilsiemna=Factory,Industry
Kiem=Decrease
Kiemzou=Decreased
Kihleng Ngailou=Consistent,Permanent
Kikhêlna=Revolution,Metamorphosis
Kikul=Kikhum,Kivua.Buried,Trapped
Kúl=Necessary,Needed
Kumzalom=Century
Leithâu=Fossil Fuel
Leitung= Earth,Globe,Global
Leitung Hu=Earth’s Heat
Leitung sâlevot tângpi= Average global temperature
Leitung Satna=Global Warming
Lêngmang=Radiate,Reflect
Lih-Li=Bottle
Limguong=Graph
Louhlaw=Louhaw.Agriculture
Luidung muate=River estuaries
Meikhu=Emission,Smoke
Meikhusie=Smog
Mêl=Mile
Mesin= Khawl. Machine
Mipil=Sâintis.Scientist
Mukhiet=Finding
Muolsou=Volcano
Nisa thahâtna=Solar energy
Nisa=Solar,Sun’s heat
Nisahu=Solar Radiation,Sun’s Heat
Nisahu huoisetah=Extreme heat waves
Omza=Amount,Quantity of Level of a thing
Ozone phêng= Ozone layer
Pa=Thin,Slender
Pazou=Became thin
Phêng= Sheet,Layer
Phukhiet= Established
Piengsah= Source,Origin
Pienna= Source,Origin
Lienpên= Primary,Main
Punna=Increase
Pusuoh= Come out,Emerge
Sà= Thick
Sâintis= Mipil.Scientist
Sâlevot=Temperature
Sândân=Level,Height
Sângtûl= Billion
Sângza= Million
Satdân= Degree,Heat
Satna= Warming,Heating
Sâu-Eng Huizâng=Greenhouse Gas
Sâu-Eng Suhkhâhna=Sâu-Eng Vielna. Greenhouse Effect
Sêthumsuosêni(2/3rd)
Silsâi=By-product
Silsiemna=factory,industry
Sim= Attack
Simsênglou=simsienglou.countless,infinite
Simsienglou=countless,infinite
Singkung Hâlna=Wood Burning
Singlouhingsuisiem=Botanist
Suhpunna=Feedback process
Suongmeihol=Coal
Tan=Ton,1000 Kgs
Tângpi=Average,General
Tawkhietna= Mine
Tâwp=Absorb
Teknolozi=Technology
Teutu=Rebound,Reflect
Thahâtna=Energy,Power
Thâutui=Oil
Thoukâng chithuopi=Malaria,Dengue
Tuihusuoh=Evaporate
Tuikângpi Luongte=Ocean Currents
Tûikângpi=Ocean
Tuikeppâh=Coral
Tuiluong Kivielte=Circulation Of Water Currents
Tûipi=Sea
Tuipi=Sea,Marine
Tuomkhum= Envelop,Wrap,Cover
Vang=hawm. hole
Vânhawm=Outer Space
Vânthamzawl=Space,Cosmos
Veiden=Ever remain,Survive,Stagnate
Vuagam=Tundra
Vuakhal=Permafrost
Vuakhalgam=Permafrost Region
Vuakhallu=Pole; simlam vuakhallu=south pole,mâllam vuakhallu=north pole
Vuakhaltâng=Vuamuol.Glacier
Vuakhang=Ice Age
Vuatum=Iceberg
Zun=Zunna. Thawing
Zung=Melt,Thaw
---------------------------------
Global warming kichi tungtâng thute theichienna dîngin, amasa in greenhouse effect kichi gênchien masa vâi. Leitung pen huikhuo(atmosphere) in a tuomkhum ahi. Nisahu (sun’s heat) in huikhuo a pailet a, nisahu pawlkhat pen leitung pumpi apatin a teutu (rebound/reflect) a, vânthawmzawl leh vânhawm langah a lêngmang (radiate) let hi.
Amasapên in, leitung khu nisahu in a khaw a, tua nisahu in huikhuo a pailet a, nisahu pawlkhat leitung pumpi in a tâwp (absorb) a, leitung huikhuo sungah a kikul (kikhumlut) a, ahi’nlah, nisahu pawlkhat pen leitung pumpi mun tuomte apatin a teutu (rebound/reflect) a, vânthawmzawl leh vânhawm langah a lêngmang (radiate) let hi.
Huikhuo sunga greenhouse gases (sâu-eng huizângte) Te kikul ziehin nisahu khu lih-li sunga kikhum bangin a khum u’a, tuachiin leitung a ul (warm up) u’a, leitung sâlevot (temperature) a khangsah uhhi. Huikhuo sungah huizângte’n leitung huikhuo a satsah sêmzawna dinmun khu Green house effect kichi ahi. Zohâm in, ‘Sâu-eng tohkhâhna’ ahilouleh ‘Sâu-eng uopkhumna ’ chia minvaw thei ahi.
Greenhouse effect vânga leitung pumpi huikhuo leh tuikângpite(oceans) sâlevot tângpi (average.temperature) khang khu Global Warming kichi ahi. Zohâm in Leitung Satna kichi ahi. Leitung huikhuo opdân (earth’s climate) kikhêlsahthei den ahi chi’n a ki-um hi.
Sâintiste’n leitung satna (global warming) chi sângin ‘huikhuo opdân kikhêlna’ (climate change) a chi nuomzaw uhhi. Aziehpên, leitung satdân mun khat ah a khang sah a, mun khat ah a kiemsah zêl hi. Huilângte (winds) leh tuikângpi luongte’n (ocean currents) leitung mun pawlkhat a votsah a, pawlkhat a sasah a, tualeh guotui leh vuakiehdân zong a kikhêlsah pha hi. Tuaziehin, mun tuomtuomte ah, huikhuo opdân tuom chiet ahing tung a, a’ng piengta hi.
Sâintiste’n A.D 1824 kum a panin Green house effect om ahi chithu khu a na mudoh u’a, tuami kum in zong Pu.Joseph Fourier in ‘leitung huikhuo om sih leh leitung pen a nâh votzaw dîng hi. Greenhouse effect ziehin leitung ah ganhingte a hingthei u’a, leitung huikhuo opdân a hunbep in a sasah hi. Tam bangin leitung greenhouse effect,na om tama sih leh pen,leitung satdân 60? F in a votzaw dînga,ganhingte hindân a hamsa mama dîng hi’ chi’n a na gênkha hi.
A.D 1895 kum in, Swedish kemist Pu. Svante Arrhenius in a na gênna ah, ‘mihing in carbon dioxide; greenhouse gas, siemkhie thei dînga tuachiin greenhouse effect a tungsah dîng hi’ chiin na gê hi. Ama’ mukhietna patin kum 100 sung vingveng huikhuo opdân (climate) suikhietna ziehin leitung satna (global warming) tungtâng thugil tamtah a’ng kitheidoh hi. Leitung tângthu suichiente mukhiet dânin, leitung pienkhiet zoua patin greenhouse gases(sâu-eng huizângte) dinmun a na kiemsuh let a, tuazaw chienginleh a na khangtou zêl hi, chithu a na mukhie uhhi.
Leitung pienkhiet apatin,kum a sâng a sîng a sim dîngin, nipi leh leitung kiheidân dungzûiin, leitung satdân leh carbon dioxide omza na kikhêl zêlzêl hi.
Khuziehin, vuakhangte (ice ages) a na tung a, a na mang let hi. Hinanleh zong, kum a tûl a tûl hun sungteng a greenhouse gases (sâu-eng huizângte) khu huikhuo in a na tawpzou (absorbed) zêl hi. Tuaziehin, leitung satdân leh sâu-eng huizângte a hunbep in a na om zing thei hi. Tam bang dinmun ahiziehin, mihing khanletna (civilisation), huikhuo opdân kihleng ngailou (consistent climate) sungah a na khanglien hi.
Khatveivei chiengin, sildangte’n leitung satdân a na tongkha let hi. Tamte ahileh; muolsou pâwhte in vutvâi a thêzâh let a, tamte nisa a dâl ziehin leitung a votsah let hi. Hinanleh, tahaw pen kum tawmnou sunga silpiengte ahiziehin,hun sawtpi leitung a votsah tuon sih hi. Sildangte; El Niño chi bangin zong hun tomnou khat sung adiîngin leitung a votsah pha hi. El Niño(Nâusên Jesu) kichi pen Chile leh Peru gam zûi a,tuikângpi luong huvot(current or wave) chi khat ahi hi.
Kum 50 peisa sunga leithaute(fossil fuels);meihol leh thâutui kihâl zieh,gammâng singkungte vâtmang leh phietmang zieh, louhlaw(agriculture) zieh in carbon dioxide(kâlbon dâi-oksâit) leh huizâng dangte khu huikhuo sungah a na lût zêl a, tuachiin a na pung sêmsêm a, tua huizângte pen Leitung satna(Global warming) pienna lienpênte(primary sources) ahi uhhi.
Tuhun chiengin khawlsilsiem kikhêlna(industrial revolution), patin, mihingte’n huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide sêthumsuosêni(2/3rd) sânga vâlzaw in a thunlûtzouta uhhi. Kum a tûl a sâng vâl lût dîng pen kum sawm sungin ahing tung thut theita mawh hi! Leitung khantouna lamdang mama hi.
Leitung huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide pungsah lienpênte ahileh; U.S.A,tumlam Europe leh Russia gam hâusate ahi uhhi. Amaute’n mawtaw leh khawlte a kuon in leithâute a hâltum u’a, khawlmeivâh siemnate (power plants) leh silsiemnate(factories,industries) a kuon in,huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah sêmsêm uhhi. Gammâng kângtum,a kuon in,kumsiel a, huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide hinglût pen tam a tunga kigên kimkhat sângin zong a tawmzaw nalâi hi.
Leitung satna piengsahte:
I.Carbon dioxide(CO2)
Leitung satna piengsah greenhouse gas lienpên CO2 ahi. Anina ah, methane ahihi.
Greenhouse gas pipên ahileh; carbon dioxide ahi. Carbon dioxide kichi khu leithâu hâl apatin a silsâi(by-product)ahi;garithâu(petrol/gasoline) ahilouleh khawlmeivâh piensahna dînga kihâl suongmeihol patsa hing pawtdoh huizâng(gas) zât khat ahi. Singkungte a khan chiengun carbon dioxide huizâng khu huikhuo apatin a hîplût uhhi. A si chiengun,carbon dioxide a’ng pawtdoh kia a,tuachiin huikhuo sungah a kilekia zêl hi.
Carbon dioxide(CO2) leh huinieh(air pollution) te in leitung pen phawipi bangin a tuomlu a, tua ziehin nisahu in leitung a sasah sêm hi.
Carbon dioxide a’ng pienkhietna tam aneiate ahihi:-
1.Khawlmeivâh siemnate apat
Tv,khawlmeivâh leh kampiuterte pen suongmeihol hâlna patsa hing kisiemkhie ahi.
Khawlmeivâh i zah poupou chiengin greenhouse effect bêlap i hi uhhi.
Khawlsilsiem kikhêlna patsa’n leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide zâlah ah 25(25%) a’ng kibêlapzouta hi. Tami kimkhat pen apeisa kum 30 sunga hing lût ahihi.Tunua kum sawm sungin aleni in pungva chi lam-et ahihi. Europe mikhat in Latin America mikhat 2.5(ni leh a kim) sânga tamzaw carbon dioxide a piengsah hi.
Suongmeihol hâl a,kibawl khawlmeivâh siemnate U.S.A gam sungah carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên ahihi. Kumkhat in, tan sângtûl(billion ton) 2.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. 2002 kum in,USA ah khawlmeivâh pien thei nadînga leithâute hâltum ziehin a gam sunga 40% (zâlah a sawmli) CO2 meikhu(emission) piengsah hi. Natural gas in suongmeihol piensahza kimkhat a piengsah a,thâutui sângin 25% a tawm zaw CO2 a piengsah hi.
2. Mawtawte apat
Mawtawte ahileh carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên nina ahi uhhi. Kumkhat in,tan billion(sângtûl) 1.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. USA gam a thâutui kihâlmang patsa’n zâlah a sawmni(20%) CO2 meikhu pawtdoh khu mawtawte apat ahihi.
USA gam in barrel sângza(million) 20.4 thâutui nikhat in a zangbei a,tuachiin leitung a thâutui zang tampên ahi. Leitung munchin apata mawtaw tâiteng in CO2 a piensah uh sim talei tam mama ve’n izawle?
3.Vânlêng thâutui kuóng apat
UNO na phukhiet IPCC tuotdân in lênnate’n zâlah a (3.5%) leitung satna a kum uhhi. Kum 2050 chiengin tam pen 15% tan tungta va chi thu a phuong uhhi.
4. Inn leh loute apat
Inn leh bilding te’n 12%(zâ lah a sawm leh ni) CO2 a piengsah uhhi.
5. Gammâng phietmangna (deforestation) apat
Mihingte silbawl bân ah,singkungte phietmang ziehin zâlah ah sawmni leh nga CO2 meikhu huikhuo sungah a’ng lût hi,ekal(acre) sângza(million) 34 kumsiel in a kiphietmang let hi. Italy gam chiepha guotui kiehna gammâng kumsielin i mansuo uhhi.
Gammâng votte’n(temperate forest)kumkhat in,tan sângtûl ni(2 billiions tons) CO2 a hîplût let hi.
Siberia gam a om,gammâng votte in ekal sângza 10 kumsiel leitung in a mansuo hi. Gammâng phietmangna zieh leh singkungte hâlna(wood burning)ziehin huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide meikhu omza(amount,level of emission) a pung sêmsêm hi. Tu chiengin gammâng phietmangna pen mihingte khâmzou guol ahita sih hi.
Etsahna in,1987 kum in U.K chie a lien;Amazon guokiehna(rain) gammâng a na kihâltum hi. Tuami ziehin,huikhuo sungah tan sângza(million ton) 500 carbon dioxide a’ng lûtbe hi.
Gammâng kiphietmang vângin carbon dioxide hîplût thei singkungte a tawmsah suh mama hi.
6. Mawtaw ginglâi khawl sung apat
1996 kum in America gam sunga om; New York leh Los Angeles khopite sung beh ah,mawtaw ginglâi khawl sungin thâutui lital(litre) sângza(million) 27,276 a kihlûtmang hi
chi’n mawtaw engineerte’n mukhie uhhi. Tam khopi ni maimai apat a,thâutui kihlûtmang tengin CO2 ton 7.5 sângza a piengsah zou hi chi’n a suikhie uhhi.
7. Huikhuo leh Tuikângpi sung apat
Huikhuo sungah tan sângtûl(billion) 750 CO2 a om a,tan sângtûl 800 pen tuikângpi tui sungah a kihal hi.
8. Vuakhalgam(Permafrost region) apat
Alaska,Canada mâllam,Scandivania leh Siberia gamte ah vuakhal toh kihal leisiet a om hi. Tam leisiet sungah loupate, singhûite, singkangte, chiengkangte leh singhûi-suonghûi sâ mama a, kum 30,000 vâl masangin a na kikulte leh kiphûmlûtte ahi. Tam munte ah,leitung pumpi CO2 14% (zâlah a sawm leh li) zâ a om hi. Tam gamte tunga inn,bilding,lampi lienpipi a’ng kilam a, tam munte a’ng thawp/nêm gawp a, bildingte a’ng tumsuhsah hi. Tua chiengin,khawlmeivâh siemnate,tuilawngte leh silsiem dangdangte a’ng kibawl a,leitangte a’ng chîmkhêthei hi. Leitung detlou ziehin leisiet a luongmang (erode) thei a, leitang a kengiemthei a, leikên a pieng thei a, suongphûmte leh adangdangte a susethei hi. Tam bang a’ng tun chiengin, huikhuo sungah CO2 nempi a’ng lût hi. Vuakhal zun(thawing) ziehin kum a sâng a sâng sim a,a na kikul CO2 leh methane huite a’ng pusuoh doh hi. Tam ziehin, greenhouse effect a’ng kinthei tham hi.
Vuakhal zun ziehin,tui tampi tuikângpi sungah a’ng luonglût thei a, leitung tuikângpite sândân a’ng khangtou hi.
Vuagam(Tundra) apat
Tundra gam ah pâpe leh louhing nam 400 a om a,singkung zât 1700 tuom a om hi.
Tan sângtûl 50 tuom CO2 vuakhal sunga kikul dînga gintât ahi.
1970 kum in Pu.Walter Oechel hingsuisiem(biologist),University of California in Tundra gam pen CO2 kikulna gam hi chi’n a na simzou hi. Ahivângin,1982 kum in CO2 kikulna gam ahita sih hi chi’n a na mukhie hi. Tua gam ah CO2 a kikul nawnta sih a,tua gamte sunga patin CO2 meikhu a’ng pusuohta hi chi’n a na mudoh a,ama’n lamdang a sa hi.
II.Hui dangte:
Carbon dioxide in zâlah ah sawmnga 50% Greenhouse effect a piengsah hi. Greenhouse hui dangte ahileh; methane,chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) leh nitrous oxide(NO).
Methane huizâng
Carbon dioxide bân a greenhouse gas piengsah lienpên methane ahi.
Suongmeihol tawkhietna(mine) munteng a gammâng kiphietmang chiengin, leithâu suikhiet nadînga gammâng kihâltum chiengin leh singna-suongnate kihâltum ziehin methane hui a’ng pieng hi.
Louhlaw natohte khu methane hui piengsahtu lienpên ahi.
Tâng(bu) chînna tuiloute,bawng leh lawite apatin methane hui a pieng hi. Leitung mising pun dungzûiin louhlaw singpuoh a’ng pung a,tua mabangin,methane hui zong a’ng pung sémsém dîng hi. 1960 kum apatin methane hui 1% kumsiel in a pung let hi,tam pen Carbon dioxide(CO2) sângin alêni in a pundân a kinzaw hi. Methane in CO2 sângin 30 vei tamzaw in nisahu(sun’s heat) a hîplût zouzaw hi. Methane huizâng pen huikhuo sungah kum 10 sung tan a veiden thei hi.
Tuiloute tui in a hlup(tup=flooded) chiengin anaerobic conditions a pieng a,leisiet sunga louhingte a muot a,anaerobic bacteria te’n huikhuo sungah bu(tâng) tungtawn pansa’n CH4; Methane huizâng a pusuohsah uhhi.
IPCC tuotdân in methane in nisahu 20 vei tamzaw in CO2 sângin a khumthei zaw hi.
Tuiloute,bawng leh lawite veisan,tuikul sunga bacteria,suongmeihol leh leithâute tawkhietnate apat in methane a’ng pieng hi.
Leitung munchin ah tuilou bawlin tâng a kiphut chiet hi. Indonesia,China,India,USA gamteng ah tuilou ngen zang in tâng a kisuon hi. Tam munte apatin methane hui huikhuo sunga a’ng lût ahihi.
Nitrous oxide: Mihing silsiem leh huikhuo apatin nitrous oxide a piengthei hi.
Gammângte leh tuikângpite sung pan in nitrous oxide a’ng pieng hi.
Mihing siem nylon leh nitric acid siem,louhâlte zah ziehin,sing leh suong hâl ziehin nitrous oxide a pieng hi.
Leithâu kâhsah a kuon in,khawlmeivâh siemnate a kuon in,nitrogenous fertiliser(hâl) kimanna kuon in,gammâng kihâltum a kuon in,tualeh mihing leh ganhingte zun leh êh a kuon in nitrous oxide hing pieng ahihi.
Tutuin,Nitrous oxide in zâlah a guh(6%) greenhouse effect a tungsah hi.
CFCs(Chlorofluorocarbons):
Huivot-huisa sêmna khawl,tuivotsahna mesin(fridges),gimtuikâpte(aerosols) leh adgdg in CFCs a piengsah hi. Huikhuo sunga CFCs omza khu CO2 sânga a tawmzaw vângin nisahu(sun’s heat) a pen 10,000 vei tamzaw in a hîplût(absorb) zouzaw hi.
Huikhuo sungah CFCs kum 110 tan a veiden(survive) hi.Tuazieha,mite’n tam pen phietmangdoh dîngin a dei mama uhhi.
Leitung satna suhpungnate (feedback process)
Leitung a’ng sat deu toh kizawitawn in sâlevot suhpungna tuomtuomte zong a’ng pieng hi.
Leithâute kihâl apatin a’ng pawtdoh CO2 kimkhat pen tuikângpite’n a hîplût uhhi.
Tua bân in,tui ganhing nêute’n a hîplût u’a,ahisihleh tuiluong kivielte(circulation of water currents) tuikângpi thûhnate(depths) sungah a na kâilût uhhi.
A kimukhiet dânin,leitung a’ng sat deudeu dungzûiin tuikângpite’n CO2 a’ng hîplûtla sêmsêm dîng u’a,huikhuo sungah CO2 a’ng kilomviel dînga leitung satna a’ng khangtou sémsém díng hi.
Leitung satna a’ng sân deu dungzûiin Tundra vuakhal gam sunga methane huizáng kigawl(kikul) nempi a’ng pusuoh dîng hi. Leitung satna sân toh kizawt in,tuipi neia,methane huizâng kikhumte zong a’ng pusuohdoh dîng a, leitung satna a’ng khangsah sém dîng uhhi.
Sâlevot suhpungna khat kia lêulêu ahileh; hui sâlevot(air temperature) sân ziehin tui tamzaw tuihusuoh(evaporate) in, meilum a’ng tam dînga, a’ng sà(thick) mama dînga,tuate’n leitung hu(earth’s heat) a khum(trap) dînga, nisahu atung langah, a le lênmangsah(to reflect)tadîng hi. Leitung a’ng sat sémsém toh kizúiin,meilumte hu zieha kikulna a’ng úong deudeu dîng hi.
December,2005 kum in National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ah Pu.David Lawrence lamkai in Pu.Andrew Slater,University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center toh feet 11.2 a sâ vuakhal khat huikhuo opdân etkhiehnate(models) a na bawl uh a,huikhuo opdân kihlenna(climate change)ziehin feet sawm(10) a sâ vuakhal a zung mangthei ahi chi’n a mukhie uhhi. Tam banga,mihingte’n nâtoh silbawl a bawl zing uh leh,A.D 2050 kum chiengin tuhun a,4,000,000 square mile vuakhal gam pen 1,000,000 square mile suohta dînga,2100 kum chiengin 4,00,000 square mile in a kiemsuhta dîng hi chi’n a tuotkhie uhhi.
Vuakhalgam tam chie a’ng zun chiengin greenhouse huizângte nempi a’ng pusuoh dînga,leitung satna a’ng uòngsah thei dînga,tu-a kituotdân sángin zong leitung satna a’ng huoise zawthei ahi chi’n a gên hi. University of Florida sânginnpi a sâintis Dr. Ted Schuur khu Siberia gam ah a va hawta a,feet 10 sâ vuakhal khat,a laboratory a’ng tut hi. Tuami vuakhal pen hitmêngte’n(microbes) a sim(attack) u’a,tuachiin greenhouse huizângte tuami sunga patin a’ng pusuohdoh(emerge out) hi. Leitung sâlevot a’ng sâng dînga,leitung satna a’ng khangtou dîng hi.
Greenhouse huite piengsah lienpen pawlkhatte
Gam(Country) CO2 meikhu(million tons) CO2 mekhu mi khat pawtsah(tons)
USA 6046 20.60
China 5007 3.8
Russia 1524 10.60
India 1342 1.20
Japan 1257 9.90
Germany 808 9.80
Canada 639 20.00
Italy 450 7.80
World 28,983 4.50
(Source: TOI articles on Global Warming,Earth on Fire dated November,28,2007)
Leitung satna bangchi kitheikhie ahiei ? Leitung satna kitheitheinate tam aneia teng ahihi:
i) Huikhuo sunga CO2 pung sémsém
ii) Leitung sâlevot limguong(graph) apatin
iii) Khuo(guozuh-nisat) huoise deudeu tam sémsém pien apat in,
iv) Vuakhaltângte zungmang kimukhie apatin,
v) Artic leh Antratic vuakhal tui zun zieh in,
vi) Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,
vii) Leitung lâi lah a,natna tuomtuomte kithêzâh ziehin,
viii) Tuikeppâhte kisuhsietna zieh leh tuikângpite sat zieh in leitung satna a kitheithei hi.
NASAte Goddard Space Flight Center mukhiet dânin Greenland vuagam phêng sungah 8% leitung vuâkhal a om a(Antartica ah leitung vuâkhal 91% a om hi),tua pen a zung huoihuoita hi chiin a phuong hi. NASA high-tech aerial survey dungzûiin, Greenland tuipi pangteng ah kumkhat in 18 cubic kms(11 cubic miles) vuakhal a zungmang let a,tami in kumchin a,leitung tuipi sândân zâlah ah 7% khangsah(pungsah) hi. Kumzalom masa lâi apata tuipi sândân na kitê dungzûiin tuipi pen inchi 9(kuo) in a sângtou/khangtou a,huipi a’ng lân chiengin tuipi gam ngiemdeuna munte tui in a tum (tui in a hlum) thei dîng hi,chiin a kimukheta hi.
Tam bang dinmun pen Indonesia,Phillipines,Mauritius,Bangladesh leh tuipi ngiemdeuna gam dangdang ah a tung panpanta hi. Artic tuipi pen USA gam chie bang pha ahia,tam vuagam pen ekal sângza 250 in a neusuhta hi. Kum 50 peisa hun sungin Antartica gamkithum(peninsular) satlevot tângpi pen Fahreinheit digri 5 in a khangtouta hi. Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,a vuakhaltângte tuipi zuon in suazaw tahin a kitawl hi. Wellingdon School of Medicine Health department a sêm zatoute gên dânin South Pacific tuikuogam a thoukâng khosih natna lân pen leitung satna zieh a sê(ngaw) uhhi. March 2006 kum in sâintiste’n Caribbean,Puerto Rico leh Virgin Island tuikuolgamte ah tuikeppâh simangthang huoisetah a mukhie uhhi.
Indian Ocean tunga om; Maldives leh Seychelles tuikuolgam sungte a om tuikeppâhte zâlah a 90% kum ni sungin a sigamta hi. Tam tuikeppâhte pen tuikuolgamte’a dînga kivâna lienpi khat ahihi. Tam tuikuolgamte pen guokiehna gammâng toh a na kitêkâh a,tuachiin tuipi nuoia guokiehna gammâng(under water rainforest) chiin a kiminvaw kêi hi. Tui ganhingte,ngate leh ganing dangdangte a dînga tuipi hinna biel ahia,nga leh tui ganhingte in nêh leh tâh muna mun a, a zah zing uh khu tuikeppâhte ahihi. Leitung huikhuo sunga Co2 punna ziehin tuipi sungah kalsiem(calcium) a’ng kitasamta a tuachiin tuikeppâhte a khan dîng bangun a khangtheita sih uhhi. Leitung tuikeppâhte kum 50 sungin a simang siengta dîng uhhi,chiin mipilte’n a gên uhhi.
Leitung satna ziehin bangteng a na piengzouta a ? bangteng a’ng piengthei nalâi e ? Bangzieha tami thute ngâikhâwh dîng ahiei ?
UNO Human Development Report dungzuiin, gam khangsate pen leitung mising sim in,zâ lah ah sawm leh nga(15%), ahi vângun leitung huikhuo sunga Carbon dioxide a thunlût zâ uh a sâng mama a,amaute’n zâlah ah sawmnga(50%) leitung huikhuo sunga CO2 omza a piengsah uhhi. Bangma a kibawl man sih leh, 2030 kum tun chiengin leitung sâlevot 1.5 apat 4.5 kikâl sungah a sângtouta dîng hi.
IPCC mukhietdân in,kum sa pênpên 12 te lah kum 11 teng khu 1995 leh 2006 kikâl sunga tung ahi chi’n a phuong uhhi. Kum 12 peisa sungteng lah ah,kum 11 sung mawngmawng leitung tângthu kikhum apata sapênpên kumte ahi uhhi.
Kum 50 sunga kitheikhiet dânin sun vot leh zân vot sângin,sun sat leh zân sat tam sémsém zaw chiin a na kichiemtê hi.
Greenhouse huizângte ziehin huikhuo opdân kintahin a kikhêlsahthei a, leitung hinna nei ganhing pawlkhatte’n a thuohla mama dîng uhhi. Huikhuo opdân thâ leh a kimagêntheilou sil mukhâhlou tungte pen hinna(nuntâtna) nei zousie’a dîngin thuohlahuoi mama ahihi.
Tângthu dungzûiin enta lei zong,leitung huikhuo opdân pen sat leh vot kikâh ah luoi kivei bangin a na om let hi. Tulâitah a,sâlevot leh vuakhal khanglâia ahing kitêkâh chiengin 5?C(9?F) beh, a kikhietna a kimuzou hi. Tam bang sâlevot kivei kawikawi pen, a muonmuonnou in, a tung a,kum a sâng a sîng a na lût zêl hi.
Leitung sâlevot digri 3-4? C tanpha hing khanbê taleh,leitung ah bangchi bang silsie leh sillamdang ahing piengthei diei ? chite sâintiste’n a’ng khuol chiengun tam a neia kigênteng ahing piengthei ahi chi’n a phuong uhhi.
i) Tuizînte’n mihing sângza(million) 330 a suonmang(to displace) dîng hi.
ii) Tuizînte ziehin mihing sângza(million) 220-440 thoukâng chithuopi(malaria) a vei dîng uhhi.
iii) Gammângte,loute leh khopite’n thoukâng chithuopi(dengue,malaria) leh thousi thatha a buoipi dîng uhhi.
iv) Ganhingte tênna kisuhsiet leh singkungte kisâtmang ziehin ganhing chî leh singkung chî tampite a mangthangta dîng hi. Leitung sâlevot 1.5 digri apatin 2.5 digri hing khangta leh, ganhing leh sinkung chí leh namte zâlah a,sawmthum (30%) a mangthangta díng uhhi.
v) Khopihuisie, Gamgawna, Gamkâhna leh silmukhâlou tampi piengthei ahihi.
Vuakhaltângte zung
Leitung gamkaipi(continent) guh sunga om vuakhaltângte zungmang u’a a manthâi sieng dîng kisata hi. Chimulthawhuoi silpieng nempi a piengzouta hi. Americate Presidentpu Taft in 1910 kum in Glacier National Park a na bawlkhie hi,tuami mun ah vuakhaltâng 50 a na om hi. Tu chiengin,vuâkhaltâng 30 maimai a omta bou hi. Tambanga,leitung satna a peitou zêl leh pen, 2030 kum chiengin tuateng a mangthang siengta dîng uhhi,chi’n Pu. Fagre in a magên hi.
Leitung satna ziehin Uganda(Africa) gam sunga om; Ruwenzori vuakhaltâng zungmang sieng dîng a kisata hi.
North America leitang sunga vuakhaltâng golpên; Bering vuakhaltâng khu adung mêl sagi(7) a zungmangzouta hi. 1963-1987 kikâl sungin Kenya gam a om; Kenya Tâng(Mt.Kenya) tunga Lewis vuakhal khu zâlah a sawmli(40%) zungzouta hi. Peru gam a om Qori Kalis vuakhaltâng zong a zungmang nâhta a,mit a muthei hiel in,nisiel in feet 2 a kitawtou(recede) hi. India gam sunga om,Gangotri vuakhaltâng zun ziehin kumkhat in metre 30 a kikhîntou let hi. Kum 50 malâi a, Sir Edmund Hillary leh Tenzing Norgay in Everest muol/tâng kâina a pansia gêl vuakhaltâng khat na om pen leitung satna ziehin tuinle mêl thum(3 miles) tandongin a sahtou lam ah,a na kikhîntou zou hi.
September 15,2000 kum a thusuo ‘Science’ hildânin Lonnie G. Thompson leh Ellen Mosley-Thompson(Ohio gam pan) tegêl in,Himalaya tâng feet 20,000 thûh sungpan in vuakhalte a toudoh uhhi. Tam vuakhalte(ice cores) a tawdohna pan u’a,a’ng mudoh uh pen ahileh; apeisa kumza(100 years) sungteng pen kum 1000(tûl) khat peisa sungteng lah pansa a sapênpên ahihi,chi’n a mukhie uhhi.
South America gamkai a om; Andean tâng tunga vuakhal omte zong a zung panpanta a, 2020 kum chiengin tuate a mangthangta dîng hi chiin sâintiste’n a gên uhhi. Tam vuakhal zungmang patsa ahing luongsuh luidung tuite sândân(water level) zong a ngiemsuh deudeuta a,muol leh tâng sânna munte nâhpitahin leitung satna a pungzaw sêm hi chiin a phuong uhhi. Vuakhalgam apat a,tuisieng a’ng luongte zong a mangthangta dîng hi.
Artic Tuipi vuakhal zung
Artic vuakhallu(polar artic ice cap) apata tuisieng luongte zâlah ah kuo(9%) kumsawm danin(per decade) in kiem zêl hi,ch’n sâintiste’n a mudohta uhhi. USA chie a lien Artic gam ekal sângzâ 250 tandongin a nêusuhta hi. California,Maryland leh Texas teng kigawm chie ahihi.
Nov 17,1999 New York times thusuo sunga sâintiste hildân in 1993 kum apatin 1997 kum sungin Artic tuipi vuakhal khu a sâdân feet guh(6) a phasuhta hi chi’n a gên hi. Tam pen 1958 patsa 1976 sungteng in a sâdân feet 10 na hi ahihi. Tami i chi chiengin Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 30 sungin 40% vuakhal a zungmang thangta hi chin a’ng kitheithei hi.
Norwegian mipilte gêndân in Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 50 zou tuom in a mangthang ta dîng hi,chiin a gên hi. Square mile 14,000 kumsiel in a zungmang zou hi chi thu pen Washington Post thusuo Dec 3,1999 in a na gên ahi.
Antartic Tuipi Vuakhal zung
Greenhouse huizângte a sâng deudeu a,leitung vuakhal phêng opna Greenland leh Antartica zong a zung panta hi. Kum sawmnga peisa sungteng in Antartica gamphêng ah sâlevot tângpi in degri 5 in a khang hi. Tam gam pen vuakhal sâtah opna gam phêngpi ahi. Ahi’n lah,1990 kum apatin vuakhalte zunmang a na kipanta hi. Vuakhallute zun ziehin leh tuikângpi sat dawm ziehin tuipi tung a’ng sâng deu a,kumsiel in mm 1 apat mm 2 tandong a sângtou hi.
New Zealand gam a om Tasman Glacier kumza sungin metre 100 vâlin a kiemzou(pazou) hi. New Zealand vuakhaltângte 1890 leh 1998 kikâl in 26%(zâ lah a sawmni leh guh) in a kiemzou hi.
Guòzuh-nisat huoisetah tam sémsém
Tuikângpi sândân a’ng khan sémsém,bân ah,khuo(guozuh-nisat) a’ng uóng deudeu hi. Tuachi’n,tuizîn leh gamgawna,gamkâhna,khopihûisie leh guòsie a’ng pieng tam sémsém hi. Tuazaw in,guòtui kelou ìn gam a’ng gawsâu theita hi. Hâichi chîngthei lou in,leitung mun tampi a’ng buoisezâhta hi.
Tuizînte,gamgawnate,gamkâhnate leh khopihuisete a’ng tam sémsém hi. Leitung satna ziehin tuikângpi sândân(level) a’ng khangtou sémsém dînga guozuh-nisat huoisetah tampi leitung mun tuomtuomte ah a’ng tunta hi. Tam tui zungte’n leitung tuikângpite nâhpitahin a khangsah sémsém thei hi. Leitung tuikângpite tunga tênna tuikuolgamte tui in a hlummangta dîng uhhi. Leitung tuipi sândân khan zieha tui in a tup(hlup) dîng tuikuolgamte leh tuipi pangte ahileh; Maladives,Marshall Islands,Kiribati,Fiji Islands,Solomon Islands,Papua New Guinea,Gulf of Mexico,Gulf of Florida,Gangetic Delta,West Indies leh adangdangte.
· 1993 kum in Mississippi gamngiem(basin) ah tuisânglêt in gamte a hlum(tum) a na sieng hi. Lelam khat ah,Carolinas gam ah gamgawna nasa a na tung hi.
· 1992-93 leh 1994-95 phalbi sungin California gam ah tuizîn thupi na tungzou a,ahiin lah,kum dangte; 1986-87 leh 1987-88 phalbi sungin tam mun ah gamgawna a na tung hi,chiin National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) makâi Dr. Kevin Trenberth na gên hi.
· 1988 kum in USA gam sungin sahu(heat wave) huoisepên a tuoh hi.
· 1995 kum ngêlin zong USA gam central south ah gamgawna nasatah in a na pieng hi.
· 1996 kum in Midwest gam ah khâllâi tahin tuizîn huoisetah a na tung hi.
· 1997 kum September sung leh October kipat kuon lam in,Indonesia gam sungah gammâng pari sângza(million hectares) sânga tamzaw a na kângtum a,tuami in,leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah sêm hi. Tuami gammâng kâng in Asia suolang leh simlam huikhuo pen meikhusie(smog) toh a tuom pumlum a,mite a buoizâh sah hi.
· 1999 kum in pingpei nasatah khat a na pieng a, tuipi pang gamteng ah sietna leh manna lienpi a na tunzou hi.
· 2001 kum in Orissa gamkai 30 lah a 25 sung ah tuizîn a na tung a,mihing sângza 30 a buoizâhsah zou hi. Tuami kum sungin zong gamgawna huoisetah a na pieng a,gamkai selisuosethum sânga lienzaw a tongkha hi.
July hla 2005 kum in Mumbai khopi sungah tuizîn huoisetah khat a na tungzou hi.
Leitung satna in USA gam sungah silsie tampi a’ng tunzou hi. 2002 kum in Colorado,Arizona leh Oregon gam sungte ah gamkâhna lienpi a tung hi. Tuami kum sung ma in,gamgaw ziehin vutpi huisie Montana,Colorado leh Kansas gam sungah a lânse mama hi. Texas,Montana leh North Dakota gam sungah tuizîn nasahtahin a tung lêulêu hi. Sum leh pâi simsienglou in a mangthâi gawp hi.
USA gam sung guoh hilou in,Europe gam ah 2003 kum in, nisahu huoisetah(extreme heat waves) a na lâng in,mihing tûl sawmni (20,000) vâl a thatgam a,India gam sungah mihing tûl leh zanga vâl sizou hi.
Tuachi mabangin,Greece gammâng(2005) kâng in mihing tampi gentheina a tun a,sum leh pâi tampi na mangzou hi. October hla,2007 kum in California gam sungah gamkâhna huoise mama a na tungzou hi. Tami gammâng(2007) kângte in huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah mama hi. California gammâng kâh ziehin mihing nempi leh flimstar minthang tampite’n buoina a na tuoh uhhi.
Gamkâhna opzou in,Jan 5-7,2008 kum in California mâllam tângte tungah vuakiehna huoisetah na tung hi. Phalbi huipi sie in US tumlam tuipi pangte a na sâtzâh a,mihing 3 a si a,mihing a sâng a síng in,a buoisezâh u’a,summêtbawlna lam zong a nâh suhsiet hi.
California,Oregon leh Washington sungah khawlmeivâh a si a,mihing sâng tampi buoise gawp uhhi. Mite’n inn leh lou tâisan uh heh chi’n USA kumpi in thupieh uhhi.
January 29-30,2008 sungtengin China gam sunga vuakiehna huoisetaha a pien ziehin, meilêngsaite,vânlêngsaite leh lampi tampi vua in a hlupta(tupta) ziehin mipi nuoi 5 vâl buoisegawp uhhi.
Ganhing chí leh zât tampi mangthang dîng
Khopihuite- Khopihuite leh pumpeite a’ng tam sêmsêm and a’ng sua deudeu,tuikângpite a’ng satdeu chiengin tui tampi tuihusuoh in a lêngmang hi. Mukhietnate apatin chimulthawhuoi mama hi.
Tuipi sat sémsém ziehin tuipi tung a sâlevot a khangsah sém dînga, pingpei(pumpei) nasetah leh huoisetah Atlantic tuikângpi leh Gulf tuipi pangteng ah a tungsah dîng hi.
Japan gam ah: September hla 1991 ku in Typhoon Mireille(huipisie) in Japan a sâtzâh hi. September hla 1993 kum in Typhoon Yancy in sâtzâh kia hi- 1993 kum adînga a sawm leh thumveina ahia,kum sawmnga sung adînga huoise tawpna vawt khat ahi.
North America gam ah: January hla 1993 kum Shetland ah khopihui a na lâng a,oil tanker Braer tunni a kisuo hi.
March hla 1993 kum in 'Storm of the Century' khopihui in America a na sâtzâh a, sum leh pâi a sim dîngin dollar sângtûl 1.6 pha Canada gam apatin Cuba gam tandong in mangthâisah hi.
December hla 1993 kum in pingpei huzâp ziehin Britain gam in kum 40 sunga tuizîn huoisepên a na tuoh hi.
2007 kum November hla sungin Bay of Bengal tuipi tungah pumpei a’ng kiviel a,Bangladesh tuipi pang gamzângteng ah tuizîn a na tungsah a,mihing tûl thum(3000) vâl a na shi hi.
Huikhuo opdân kikhêl phutthei ahi: Huikhuo opdân thakhat thu in a’ng kikhêlphut leh leitung mun lienpipite khu têntheilouna mun a’ng suohta dînga,kiel thupi,tui muzawlouna chinteng in a’ng bop chiengin mihingte pen gam tuomtuom ah a’ng pêmkhe dîng u’a,tuolgâl leh gimthuohna nempi a’ng piengta dîng hi.
Ozone phêng(layer) leh Ozone Hole
Leitung pumpi huikhuo khu Ozone huizâng in a tuomkhum ahi. Tami tuomkhumna khu Ozone layer a kichi hi;Zohâm in Ozone phêng kichi ahi. Tam ozone phêng(layer) in vânhawm,nisa leh âhsite patsa hing kipandoh hu hoiloute a dâl zêl ahi. Tam banga hing lêngkhie hui hoiloute ozone phêng in na khâmta sih leh,leitung mihingte’n natna hoilou; vun cancer,mittawtna adangdang a thuoh dîng uhhi.
Greenhouse huizângte; CFC huizângte,Methane leh adangdangte ziehin Antartic gamkithum tung sâng lam ah,ozone hole vang lien sémsém ta hi.
Leitung satna ziehin,kum 2002 leh 2004 kikâl in,mihing sângza 262 in gentheina, tuosietna leh silmukhâhloute leh liengvaina tuomtuom tampi a tuoh kha uhhi.
A.D 2020 kum tandongin leitung satna ziehin mihing sângza 120 apatin sângtul 1.2 tanpha in tuinéh mula un,hasatna a nga díng uhhi.
2050 kum tan chiengin cm 20 leh cm 50 kikâl sungin a sângtou dîng hi chi’n sâintiste’n a magên uhhi. Tam in tuipipang gamzângte leh luidung muate(estuaries) gêntêna in Bangladesh leh Nile Delta munte ah tuizîn a tun dîng hi.
Tam banga, leitung satna pen vuakhallute(poles) ah a sângtouzaw dînga,leitung lâi lah(tropics) a ngiemzaw dîng hi. Tunpi sângin phalbi a sazawta dîng hi.
1800 kum lâikim tuom apat a kisim toutou in,1999 kum pen,kum sa lahlah a,sim in angâna ahi.
1998 kum khu kum sapênpên ahihi.
Thomas Karl,Director of the National Climatic Data Centre(NOAA) mu dungzuiin,sâlevot khandân pen kumzalom khat sungin 5.4 apatin 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit tan in,a khang hi.
Apeisa kum 18,000 patsa 20,000 kikâl vuakhang tungsa toh têkâh in tu tandongin leitung sâlevot pen degree 5 apatin 9 tan a khangta hi.
Tambanga leitung satna sân deudeu ziehin kum 100,000 masang sângin leitung a’ng sazaw dîng hi. Tambanga silpieng zong a’ng kinaw sémsém díng hi. A theihuoi khat ahileh; vuakhal khang nuakhia sunga 3? satdân khantouna dîngin kum sâng tampi a na lût hi.
Tami kumzalom bei kuon chiengin leitung satdân dinosaur ganhingte hun lâi a toh a’ng kikim kha maithei ta dînga,mihingte a hingthei na dîng uoi? chipên ginmawhuoi mama hi.
Sâintis khenkhat gêndânin kum 80 zou chiengin leitung satna sân ziehin mihingte’n gentheina nempi a tuohta dîng uhhi,chi’n a magên uhhi.
Leitung greenhouse huizângte bangchi suhkiem dîng ahita ei?
Kyoto Protocol toh kizawitawn a,Leitung gam kumpi tuomtuomte chiemna dungzûi enta lei,leitung a CO2 pen 4-6 % beh a kiem dîng ahigiap hi. Leitung greenhouse huizângte suhkiemna dîngin tam aneiteng bawl ngâi leh kûl ahi:-
1. Mesin sieng deu leh thâutui tawmnêh deu mesin siem ngâi hi.
Mawtaw huiniehte leh khawlmeivâh siemna apata huiniehte suhkiem ngâi ahi. Mawtaw siengzaw leh khawlmeiâh siemna thâte zah dîng a kûl mama hi. Hydrogen fuel cell mawtaw siem kinkin a zah dîng a kûl mama ta hi. Hybrid gas-electric mesin in tuhun chiengin leitung satna sethumsuo seni in a kiemsah thei dîng hi.
2. Hui thahâtna(wind power),nisa thahâtna(solar energy) leh leisiet hu(earth’s heat) hâtangtah a siem leh zah poimaw mama hi.
3. Meivâh san(incandescent bulb) tângin meivâh ngou(fluoroscent bulb) i zah chiengun khawlmeivâh man i sukiem u’a,tam meivâh damsung in CO2 meikhu kilo 320 tuom huikhuo sungah a lût nawn sih dîng hi.
4. Suongmeihol leh leithâu tawmzah sêmsêm dîng ahi.CFCs piengsaht mesin zousie phietmang a ngâi hi. Gammâng phietmangna zong nâh suhkiem kûl ahita hi.
5. Suongmeihol sânga CO2 tawm piensahzaw Natural gas zahzaw a hoi ahi.
6. Gammâng phietmangna suhtawp a,gammâng suonkiana(afforestations)nasatah a,bawl a singkungte suon thâkia dîng a kûlta hi.
7. UNO tuotdân a,leitung huikhuo opdân a ngai banga i opsah dîng leh tam leitung a thâutui i zahte 60% a,a kinkin a suhkiem dîng ahi chi’n a phuong hi.
8. Nuclear Power in CO2 a piengsah sih a tuaziehin thahâtna(energy,power) piengsah dangte suonkhe dîng in a deihuoi mama hi.
9. Carbon credit i lei chiengin a sum pen singkungte suonna in a kimang a,greenhouse meikhu a kikiemsah thei hi.
10. Mawtaw a tâi sânga thâutui nelou tâitheinate;cycle,lêng chi tuomtuomte zah dîng ahi.
Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint)
Vânlêng tuon,Mawtaw tuon,khawlmeivâh zah leh innsung vanzah tuomtuomte patsa mimal ahilouleh innsung khat in Carbon meikhu a piensah(pawtsah) khu Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint) kichi ahi. Mimal khat in kalbon ketot kum khat in tan(ton) tampi a piengsahzou hi. Singkungte’n Kalbon dioxide a hîplut(atawp) ahi man in,tami Kalbon Ketot suhbeitheina dîngin singkungte suonna dînga sumtang a tuothei ahi.
Kalbon Credit(Carbon credit)
I kalbon ketot beitheina dîngin sum leh pâi sêngin kalbon credit a kileithei hi. Tami i nuom leh UN Agency tungtawn a, i min i khumlut ngâi ahi.
Kyoto Protocol 1997-98
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate(IPCC) mipilte(sâintiste) in a mukhiet dân un, greehouse huizângte ziehin leitung sâlevot tângpi(av.temp) pen 1990 kum apat 2100 kum tandongin 1.4? apatin 5.8 ? C,tan in sângzaw dîngin a na magên uhhi. Leitung pumpi a om gam tampite in leitung satna bangchi suhkiem dîng ahiei chi’n leitung pumpi gam tampite’n Japan khopi Kyoto ah Dec,1997 kum apat March 15,1998 tan in leitung huikhuo sunga greenhouse huizângte suhtawm theina dîngin kikupna a na nei uhhi. Tuami hun leh mun ah,Kyoto Protocol chi’n kithukimna khat a na bawl uhhi. July 2006 dongin,gam 164 in a pomkip chietta uhhi.
1900 patsa 2100 kikâl leitung sâlevot khandân magetna
UNO conference on climate change at Bali(Indonesia) 2007
Indonesia gam sunga om; Bali Khopi a ‘Huikhuo opdân kikhêlna tungtâng a UNO Khawmpi(UNO Conference on Climate Change 2007 at Bali)
Apeisa December 1-15,2007 sungin Malaysia gam sung a om Bali khopi ah leitung pumpi a gam 188 a na kisukhawm u’a,pallâi 10,000 vâl leitung satna suhkiem dîng dân a na kikumkhawm zou uhhi. Tuami hun ah,Bali Resolution chiin kithukimna khat lâisuo a na bawl uhhi. Tam kithukimna ah,mâllam(north)gamkhangsate in simlam(south) gamzawngte teknolozi(technology) siengthoute toh a panpi dîng ahi chi’n kithukimzou uhhi.
Mallâi apat a carbon dioxide meikhu pawtsahtuteng adiehin USA leh gamkhangsate’n huikhuo opdân kikhêlna zieha silpiengte gamgawna,tuizînte,tuinêh mulana leh adangdangte khu gamzawngte’n a nanzouna dîngun,gamkhangsate’n sum leh pâi,tha leh zung,pilna-siemna,khawlsilsiem siengthoute toh a panpi ngâi hi chi’n a kithukim kia lêulêu uhhi.
Tumlam khawlsilsiem lam a gamkhangsa kumpite/nampite in CO2 piengsah nalâi maleh uh zong,South America gamte leh Asia gamte’n zong CO2 sângtahin a piengsah u’a,kum 2010 chiengin tumlam gamte a khûpta dîng uhhi.
Gam khangpante’n gêndân ahileh amaute pen leitung satna piengsahtu ahi sih uhhi chi’n a pang têntûn u’a,gam khangsate mawpuohna in a sim uhhi.
India pallâi gênhâtna zâl a tam bang kithukimna hing pieng ahi chi’n Times of India thusuo in a gên hi.
Leitung mising toh têkâh lei,USA mising pen zâlah ah li(4%) ahi giap hi. Hinanleh,USA in suongmeihol leh leithâute a hlûtmang ziehin carbon dioxide nieh khu zâlah ah sawmni leh nga(25%) a piengsah hi. Leitung pumpi sunga CO2 piengsah tampên USA ahihi.
China,India leh Japan gamte kigawmkhawm a CO2 piengteng sângin USA gam sunga CO2 pieng a tamzaw hi. Tuazieha,gên sese lou a,USA in CO2 pien suhtawm theina dîng lamsang a,makaina a lâh dîng tangâi phamaw mama in a kigên hi.
Leithâutui piengsah gamte leh USA in zong a thâutui zuate uh a sukiem nuom tuon sih uhhi.
USA gam pallâi nuolhât ziehin tamza khumza greenhouse huizâng suhkiem dîng chithu a kithukimtheita sih uhhi. Hinanleh,Canada leh gam 36 te’n Kyoto Treaty namdetna a nei chietta u’a,tuachiin amaute kikâl ah kihoukhawmna nei a,tuachiin kitûhtâhna lienpi toh tup leh ngîm phatna nei kia dîngin zong a kihânchiem chiet ta uhhi. Tuachiin 2020 kum dongin meikhu pieng mawngmawng 1990 kum a sândân sânga zâlah a 25 patsa 40(25-40%) kiemsahzaw(tawmsah zaw) dîng chi’n a kithukim chietta uhhi.
Gam dangte; India,China,USA leh gam 150 te in vâng bangma kamchiem,tup leh ngîm a bawl sih uhhi.
Gammâng phietmangna in leitung ah greenhouse meikhu zâ lah a sawmni(20%) a piengsah hi.
Tuaziehin,Bali khopi a hing kikhawm gam pallâite’n gammâng phietmangna douna díngin dollar sângtûl tampi pekhe dîngun kamchiem a bawl uhhi. Tami i chi chiengin gammâng suonkiana dîngin,mâilam hun chiengleh gamkhangsate’n gamkhanpante dollar sângtûl 23 a pedîng uhhi,chi’n a kithukim uhhi.
Tam khawmpi lawchinna thupi bang e? i chi leh; hun peisa a USA gam na tel lou tam mun pan in a’ng telthei a, a’ng sunglut thei khu ahi.
Nobel Peace Prize 2007
USA gam Vice-president (kumpinêu) masa Pu.Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet IPCC tegêl in Leitung satna toh kisai a,ngâikhâwhna leh veinatna a nei uh toh kituohin mukhietna leh pulahna a’ng nei zieh un, Nobel Peace Prize vâihawmte’n 2007 kum a Nobel Peace Prize pen, Pu. Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet; IPCC tegêl a hawmpieh uhhi. Pu.Algore ahileh USA gam sunga huikhuo opdân toh kisai a,thu leh la gên hâtpên ahia, ama’n leitung satna toh kisaiin,flim minthang mama khat a na bawlkhie hi. Tutu a,IPCC Chairman Pu.Pachauri ahi.
Sources of reference and translations:
1 .EcoBridge website
2. Live Science website
3. Young People Trust for Environment website
4. Natural Resource Defense Council(NRDC),USA
5. Times of India 2007
6. Manaroma Yearbook 2007
Thuteng poimawte hâmbu(Glossary of important words)
Bíng=Anaerobic
Binghit=Anaerobic bacteria
Bíngmuotna=Anaerobic reaction
Dânin=As per
Dungzuiin=According to
Ekal=Acre
Etkhiehna=Model
Flim= Film
Gamkâhna=Forest fire
Gamkai= Continent
Gamkhanglou=Undeveloped country
Gamkhangsa=Developed country
Gammâng=Forest,Woods
Gammâng Phietmangna=Forest Clearance,Deforestation
Gammâng Suonkiana= Afforestation
Gammâng Vot=Temperate Forest
Gamngiem=Basin,Lowland
Gamzawng= Poor country
Ganhing namte=Animal species
Ganhingsuisiem=Zoology
Garithâu=Petrol,Gasoline
Guozuh-Nisat=Weather
Hâl=Fertiliser
Hawm= Vang. Hole
Hingsuisiem=Biologist
Hinna Biel=Ecosystem
Hitmêngte=Microbes,Microrganism
Hlum=To flood,To cover with water
Hlup=Tup,Flooded
Hu=Heat
Hui=Air
Huikhuo Opdân Kikhêlna=Climate/Climatic Change
Huikhuo Opdân=Climate
Huikhuo=Atmosphere
Huilân=Blowing Of Wind,Breezing
Huilâng=Wind
Huinieh=Air Pollution
Hui thahâtna=Wind power
Huizâng=Gas
Huoisetah=Extreme
Kalsiem= Calcium
Khangsa=Developed
Khanglou=Undeveloped
Khangpan=Developing
Khanletna=Civilisation
Khawlmeivâh Siemna=Electricity Plant,Power Plant
Khawlsilsiem= Industrial
Khawlsilsiem khang= Industrial Age/Era
Khawlsilsiem Kikhêlna=Industrial Revolution
Khawlsilsiemna=Factory,Industry
Kiem=Decrease
Kiemzou=Decreased
Kihleng Ngailou=Consistent,Permanent
Kikhêlna=Revolution,Metamorphosis
Kikul=Kikhum,Kivua.Buried,Trapped
Kúl=Necessary,Needed
Kumzalom=Century
Leithâu=Fossil Fuel
Leitung= Earth,Globe,Global
Leitung Hu=Earth’s Heat
Leitung sâlevot tângpi= Average global temperature
Leitung Satna=Global Warming
Lêngmang=Radiate,Reflect
Lih-Li=Bottle
Limguong=Graph
Louhlaw=Louhaw.Agriculture
Luidung muate=River estuaries
Meikhu=Emission,Smoke
Meikhusie=Smog
Mêl=Mile
Mesin= Khawl. Machine
Mipil=Sâintis.Scientist
Mukhiet=Finding
Muolsou=Volcano
Nisa thahâtna=Solar energy
Nisa=Solar,Sun’s heat
Nisahu=Solar Radiation,Sun’s Heat
Nisahu huoisetah=Extreme heat waves
Omza=Amount,Quantity of Level of a thing
Ozone phêng= Ozone layer
Pa=Thin,Slender
Pazou=Became thin
Phêng= Sheet,Layer
Phukhiet= Established
Piengsah= Source,Origin
Pienna= Source,Origin
Lienpên= Primary,Main
Punna=Increase
Pusuoh= Come out,Emerge
Sà= Thick
Sâintis= Mipil.Scientist
Sâlevot=Temperature
Sândân=Level,Height
Sângtûl= Billion
Sângza= Million
Satdân= Degree,Heat
Satna= Warming,Heating
Sâu-Eng Huizâng=Greenhouse Gas
Sâu-Eng Suhkhâhna=Sâu-Eng Vielna. Greenhouse Effect
Sêthumsuosêni(2/3rd)
Silsâi=By-product
Silsiemna=factory,industry
Sim= Attack
Simsênglou=simsienglou.countless,infinite
Simsienglou=countless,infinite
Singkung Hâlna=Wood Burning
Singlouhingsuisiem=Botanist
Suhpunna=Feedback process
Suongmeihol=Coal
Tan=Ton,1000 Kgs
Tângpi=Average,General
Tawkhietna= Mine
Tâwp=Absorb
Teknolozi=Technology
Teutu=Rebound,Reflect
Thahâtna=Energy,Power
Thâutui=Oil
Thoukâng chithuopi=Malaria,Dengue
Tuihusuoh=Evaporate
Tuikângpi Luongte=Ocean Currents
Tûikângpi=Ocean
Tuikeppâh=Coral
Tuiluong Kivielte=Circulation Of Water Currents
Tûipi=Sea
Tuipi=Sea,Marine
Tuomkhum= Envelop,Wrap,Cover
Vang=hawm. hole
Vânhawm=Outer Space
Vânthamzawl=Space,Cosmos
Veiden=Ever remain,Survive,Stagnate
Vuagam=Tundra
Vuakhal=Permafrost
Vuakhalgam=Permafrost Region
Vuakhallu=Pole; simlam vuakhallu=south pole,mâllam vuakhallu=north pole
Vuakhaltâng=Vuamuol.Glacier
Vuakhang=Ice Age
Vuatum=Iceberg
Zun=Zunna. Thawing
Zung=Melt,Thaw
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