Zoukam Laigelh Pumpi Telsuina leh Maban Kikupna

(A Critical Study of Zou Literature and Challenges Ahead)

David Vumlallian Zou
School of Geography
Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Thulaimu (Abstract)[i]:

Tuhun chiang in Zoukam a laigelh in zong bangtan e kalsang suanna a nei zouta a, hinanleh maban lam saupi om nalai hi. Namdang ei sang a thu-le-la a na piching zawte nasepdan enton a zilthei ding tampi om hi. Thu-le-la phua laigelh lam leh zattawm laigelh kikhiatna theisiam a, tuachia ani a apoimo tuah dan uh telsui kisam tahzet hi. Hunbihnei a kisun i “tangkoute” uh tua sang a piching zaw a dopsang theina din ngentel tah a thusuidan leh laigelhdan lunglut mi bang zat ama kisinsah ngai ding hi. Tualeh Zoukam a laigelh leh thului tamzaw-te “essay” nadanpa ngen a kigelh ahia, laigelhdan chituamtuam lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, tangthu phuah leh ngentelltah a thusuina laigelh leh thului chite literature puaphatna din kisam mama hi. Thu-le-la phua leh tangthu phuah tawmte pen zuau genna hilou a, thudih melmu theina dia lampi hoipen khat leh lungsim mit kihon theina khutlai chikhat ahizaw uhi.
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Thu-chabite: Thului (article), hunbihnei a laikisunte (periodicals), limchiin (drama), thulahna-naah (sources), leh thu-le-la phua laigelh (creative literature).
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1. Thupatna (Introduction)

Kum 50 peisa hun tan a laizem leh laigelh chite na chiing ngai lou hinanlei tuni’n Zou Lai Saipawl (ZLS) leh Zomi Christian Literatute Committee (ZCLC) chite bang i din suah ta ua, Zoukam ngei zong Manipur sung a dia taan sawm tan ah MIL a tawi thei ding dinmun atung ta hi. Hattuam upa Laisiangthou na letkhe masate tung leh Zoulai puaphatna dia tha leh lungsim na seeng mi tampite ziah ahi chi i thei a, tuaziahin lamkai masate “foundation” lepsa tung ah panmun tha lem thei din i om thei uhi. Hinanleh a bul kipan tung pan i hinalai a, maban kikup ding thu tampi om hi: Laigelh (literatutre) lam ah tulaitah in bang dinmun a ding i hiai? Nam khang toute’n bang chi bang in a literature uh a piching sah uai? Literature khenpi bang teng om a, Zoukam a laigelh in hei lam a nawt ei? Hunbihnei a lai kisun i tangkoute uh tua sang a hoizaw din bang i chi pua thei diai? Thu ngentel tah asuina leh laigelh piching nei thei na dia Zoukam laigelhtute’n kalbi zui dia kisamte bang ahia? Literature lam a maban kalsuanna din tami dotnate limtah a kikup khawm poimo tahzet ahi. Khat vei thu a bangteng genkim sipsep om thei sih nanleh, kihoulim patsah theina ding lunggul in tami laigelh simtute mai ah ka hing luikhia hi.

2. Paite/Tedim Laibu Neiza leh Zoukam Laigelh Etkahna

Amasa in, ham leh pau a i kinaipi mama unau Tedim leh Paite ham a laibu neidan i en phot ding a, tuahileh tu lai tah a Zoukam laigelh bang dinmun a om ahiai chi ahing kilang mai ding hi. Tualchin Neihsial gelh, Paite/Tedim Pau a Laibu Neihzah Suina (1992)[ii] dung zui in tami hamte gel ah laibu 763 apumpi in apha hi. Cyclostyled a kiheh khia teng pai khe lei, khawl a kisun laibu piching 696 maimai apha hi. Tami lah ah 293 sakhona lam toh kisai ahia, amaute chi 8 in ka hing kikhenneen sawn hi (Table 1na en in). Tedim leh Paite ham a laibu neidan kikim sim ahiman in, sakhona laibu 293 lah ah Paite ham siangset 150 lah vel hing kai tou ding ahi. Upa T. Tunzagin gelh, “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” (1998)[iii] in Zoukam a sakhona laibu kisun 59 tan a min a gual suh hi. Paite ham a sakhona laibu phaza Zoukam a sang in aleni-alethum in a tam zaw china asuah hi. Zou kual a Tapidaw hing lutna kum 50 ching zou ta a, sakhona laibu 51 (tangkoute sim lou) in i sunkhe giap uhi [Table 2 na en in]. Kum khat a sakhona laibu khat vaal kisun zou lou a suah hi. Tualeh laibu tampi sut ding (quantity) mai hilou in, giltah leh ‘quality’ nei a sut zong a poimo kia hi.

Tedim/Paite ham a sakhona laibu kisun lah ah Bible hilchetna a tam pen a, aban ah hagau lam hinkhua (devotional) lam in a zui hi. Tuaban ah laibu vantang bialneilou (unclassifiable) tampi a om hi; chipen, hilchetna hilou, church hisorty leh theology zong hituan lou, mitanchin (biography) a simthei lah hilou, Christian ethics in zong a huap tuan lou, bialneilou laibu kigelh tampi a om hi.

Bible/ Commentaries 73
Devotional 58
General/ Unclassified 50
Doctrinal/ Theological 31
Sunday School texts 26
Periodical/ Souvenirs 25
Creative/Hymnals 18
Eschatology 12
Total: 293

Table 1na: Paite/Tedim sakhona laibu

3. Zoukam Laibu Neidan a Mun Awng Omte

Paite ham leh Zoukam a laibu nei zat a number kibang sih nanleh, laibu neidan a thulu a etin a kibang sim hi. Paite ham a sakhona laibu neidan zui in, Zoukam ah zong Sunde Sikul subject leh Bible hilchetna a kinei tam pen hi. T. Tunzagin in Zoukam sakhona laibu 59 agual teng lah ah, 8 pen hunbinei a kisun (periodicals) tangkou leh souvenir lam ahia, adang bu 51 teng laibu piching ahi uhi. Tami sakhona laibu piching bu 51 khenpi (bial) 10 in kikhen sawn thei a, amaute tam anuai a table 2 na ah ahing kipia hi:

1. Bible/ hilchetna 17
2. Naupang Sunde Sikul zillai 11
3. Devotional (Khristian hinkhua) 7
4. Bial neilou (general) 6
5. Doctrinal/theological 4
6. Youth (Khanglai toh kisai) 2
7. Biographical (Mithupite tanchin) 1
8. Eschatology/Huntawp suina 1
9. Gender/Numei toh kisai 1
10. Historical 1
Agawm in (total): 51

Table : 2 na - Zoukam a sakhona laibute

Zoukam a sakhona laibu neidan i etleh Bible hilchetna a tam pen hi chi muthei ahia, aban ah naupang Nipi Saang zillai (text-bu) in a zui ngal hi. Theology lam toh kisai sang in zong khristian hinkhua (devotional) lam a tamzaw hi. Hinanleh Zoukam laibu neidan ah mun awng tampi om hi, chi zong muthei ahi. Mithupite tanchin (biography) leh hattuam khangthu (church history) lam a kitasam mama a, Zoukam ah bu khat tuah om veetvawt uhi. Pastor Dongthawng gelh Gospel Galhang maimai mithupite tanchin toh kisai ahia, tualeh Pu T.Gougin bawl Martalte Taangthu zong hattuam khangthu (church history) toh kisai kha om sunsun ahi.

Tuaban ah, numei dinmun leh pasal dinmun kikal suina (gender) toh kisai lam zong laibu kivaat a, Nu Thangneivah gelh Khristian Numeite Mopuahna maimai Zoukam ah om giap hi. Numei dinmun a siatna hattuam, khotang leh minam ah khantouna tahtah om thei ngai lou hi. Zou pasal tengteng apumpi in BA, MA hisuah nanleh i numeite laisiam ahimatan un khantouna om tuan lou ding hi. Numei leh pasal dinmun seelbuh tuah gige kisam a, kiliangkim a apankhawm thei uh ngai hi. Khovel a gam zawng pente leh tuantual pente i et kawikawi leh numei dinmun a siatna munte nahi mawh hi. Tami ziah in laisiam leh thu suimite’n khotang a numei dinmun pen “society” khantouna tena (measurement) din a zang tangpi ua, solkal-te nasan in numei dinmun poimodan ahing thei khe ta uhi. [Tualeh solkal chi pen English a “government” china leh “nation state” (nampi solkal) genna in i zang thei mai a, hinanleh “society” chi kammal pen Zoukam in lekhiat ahamsa mama hi. Khatvei teng society pen “khotang hinkhua” chin kilet suh gawp a, hinanleh a dih thei sih a, mi khenkhat in “society” omdan a pum theikhia ta uhi. Society in khotang hinkhua ban ah, tawndan, hindan, neh leh tah suidan, politiks a kivaikhawm dan, leh Pasian biahdante a koh kha hi][iv].

Khristian sakhona laibu minthang “classic”-te khat zong Zoukam ah kiletkhe nai lou a, Paite ham in tamlou a kilet sam a, John Bunyan, John R.W. Stott leh Billy Graham laigelhte zong a tel pha uhi. Tualeh Zoukam ah Hattuam Khangthu (church history) toh kisai laibu genthada thului (article) zong mu ding om mel lou hi. Tuaziahin tamite laibu neidan ah mun-awng (gap) lianpi ahi uhi. Tualeh evangelical laigelhte lah ah Zoukam a lekhiat din, John R.W. Stott leh C.S. Lewis laibute bang kalbi masa din a deihuai hi. Lewis laigelh lah ah Mere Christianity leh The Screwtape Letters a kidei mama ahia, Stott laigelh lah ah Basic Christianity leh New Issues Facing Christians Today (suttha pen) chite bang a minthang deu uhi. Unaupa Dongthawng in evangelist leh sermon minthang khenkhat Gospel Tangkou ah ana pulah ngai a, D.L. Moody, Charles Finney, Jonathan Edward, leh a dangdang tampi huap in. Tami sermon-pu leh thugen siamte America gambung apat ahi ua, Puritan bouruak a na khangkhia ahi uhi. Tualeh thugen siamte leh laigelh minthangte kikal ah kibat louna tamlou a om hi. Thugen siam tampite’n sermon a bawlte uh laibu in ahing kisun vang in, mit a sim ding sang in thugenna mun mama a bil a ngai dia na kituat ahi zaw hi. Laigelh minthangte’n pen laidal tung a sim dia ana gelh uh ahia, sermon kinua sutte toh telah in a aw-luan dan tangpi simtute (readers) lungsim toh kitanau thei zawh hi. Evangelical sung a British laigelh minthang mama khenkhat ahileh C.S. Lewis leh John R.W. Stott ahi uhi. America a sermon siam tampite sang in tami British laigelhte theology-ngaisunna lamah a pichin zawna uh tampi a om hi.

4. Thu-le-la Phuah leh Zattawm Laigelh (Creative and Functional Literature)

Nam khangtoute’n laibu atangpi in chi 2 in a khen uhi: thu-le-la phuah (creative literatute) leh zattawm laigelh (functional literature). Khovel a laibu thupi penpen a kigente a tangpi in thu-le-la phuahna bial (category) sung apat ahideu uhi. John Bunyan gelh Khristian Khualzin leh Shakespeare laigelhte bang thu-le-la phuah bial sung huap ahi uhi. Hichibang thu-le-la puahte pen English-kam in “imaginative literature” zong kichi thei hi. Pasian in bang ma lou apat khovel pumpi a siam ma bang in, thu-le-la phuahtu in zong bangma lou apat siltha leh khovel tha khat a siamkhiat kisam a, tuami din “thopna hagau” chikhat a tan ngai hi. Hichibang thu-le-la phuahna dia chiindan piching khenkhat na om a, tuate ahileh – lagui (poetry), tangthuphuah (novel/ fiction), limchin/limpie (drama), leh tangthu tom (short story).

I pi-le-pute hun apat Zoukam in lagui chiindan (convention) hausa tah ananei zou ta hi. Khanglui la sung ah sannem la, han la, zangta la leh adangdang tampi a om a, laidal-laitui a gelh ahi lou manun tami khanglui laguite tampi kimansuah zou ta hi. Thukhual thei mi khat leh ni in Zoukam a khanglui late upate apat ana khum khah sunsun teng uh a suahta a, a kikhum louteng miluite a si chiang un kivuimang zel hi. 1950 vel a Khristian i suah ua pat, khanglui laguite thaluang in Tapidaw lagui tampi kiphua a, tampi ma zong Tumlam Mikangte phuahsa apat kilet sawn hi. Hinanleh Pasian Lathabu a lenkhawm la i dei tampite Zoukam ahilouleh unau Lushei, Hmar, Thadou, Paite, leh Tedim kam a kipuahte ahi nuam uhi. Tumlam la kilet tawmte pen uulsun deu a biahinn kikhopna ah kizang deu sese a, mi khenkhat bang in lusuhsuah hileh-kilawm bang in asa dualdual uhi. Eima kam a kipuah Tapidaw la toh Pasian biah pen kilim deu sese dan ahi. Tualeh khanglui laham thei lou in Tapidaw la ngaih tah koima’n puah thei lou zel hi. Tuaziahin khanglui laguite i minam gou manpha chikhat ahi.

Khangluite’n tulai a tangthu tom (short story) toh kitanau thuphuah khenkhat na siam ua, tuate ahileh Khupching leh Ngambawm, Neinou leh Nantal, Penglam, Thanghou leh Liandou, leh adg.adg. Khupching leh Ngambawm pen ki-itna dih tah genna ahia, azawlla phuah khenkhat uh “Solomon Late” toh tekah thei na chian om a, tualeh sizouchiang a i pi-pute gindan leh “theology” zong hilchetna a bawl hi. Penglam tangthu pen i pi-pute din ei Tapidaw-te “Paunahte” (Proverbs) bang ahi mai a, mimo omdan leh mipil omdan hilchetna kizen khat asuah hi. Tamite pen khanglui thu-le-la phuah ahia, atangthu kal ah lagui tampi kizep hi.

I pi-le-pute’n limchin (drama) leh thuphuah (novel/fiction) gelhdan na thei kha lou uhi. Limchin pen Khris pianma kimzabi 5 a Greek-te’n na gelh pan ta ua, Latin Tapidaw hattuam masate’n zong Limchiin Piandang (“Mystery Plays”) kichite Jesu shina apat a thokiana tahlatna din’ kumzabi 10 vel apat na pankhia uhi. Kum 22 vel ahilai in English limchiin bawl siam pen William Shakespeare ngei zong hichibang hattuam sung a Limchiin Piandang-te khenkhat a na kihal leh kisinsah na mu zel hi ding a gintat ahi[v]. Limchiin Piandang in Thuhun Lui a silsiam thu leh Thuhun Tha a vaihawmna nukhia tan limchiin in a tahlang zel hi. Tami apat Sia-le-pha Limchiin (Morality Plays)[vi] kichi mihing lungtang a siatna leh hoina kidoudan limchiin ahing piang khe sawn hi. Tapidaw Kum 50 Souvenir-bu sung a “Journey of the Cross: A Dramatic Display”[vii] ka mu leh kumzabi 16 bul England a limchiin kipat tung lai a Sia-le-pha Limchiin kichite ahing phoh sah hi.

Tangthu phuah (novel) pen chiindan tha mama asuah a, kumzabi 19 a England a Charles Dickens hun vel a na kipan ahi. Zoukam a tangthu-phuah masa pente Pu Tualzachin leh Pu Liansuankap laikung apat hing piang ahi. Limchin laibu Zoukam ah khat zong om nailou hi. Unau Meitei-te limchin gelh leh tatlat a siam mama ua, a literature uh hausatna leh thupina khat ahi.

Thu-le-la phuah laigelh (creative literature) toh sakhona leh zilnazau (secular) thulute ani in kigelh thei tuahtuah hi. C.S. Lewis laibu minthang The Screwtape Letters leh John Bunyan Khristian Khualzin zong tangthu phuathu ahi ua, hinanleh zuauthu genna hilaizang lou uhi. Hichibang thuphuah theina talent pen Mangkam in “creativity” kichi a, mikim in zong neithei lou nalai hi. Zoukam literature pichinna din thu-le-la phuah siam mi tampi poimo hi. Tuni tan in Zoukam in limchiin leh tangthu tom tawh kisai laibu khat ma zong nei nai lou hi. Tangthu-phuah (novel) 4 maimai nei a, 4 ah ah thum te mikhat maimai lai kung a hing piang ahi: Pu Tualzachin apat. Thu-le-la phuah a talent suina leh suhpung na ding in “creative literature” liuliau tawh kisai seminar leh workshop-te bawl zel ngai hi. Tualeh limchiin leh tangthu tom gelh kidemna bawl in, nuamman kilawm huntoh kibawl leh Zoukam a thu-le-la phuahna ah masawn belapna om thei ding hi. Thu-le-la phuah teng hoikim lou ding a, hinanleh awl in a hoi leh gil mama “creative literature” chi tuamtuam hing piang thei ding hi.

Zattawm laigelh (functional literatute) in thu-le-la puah chi lou tengteng ahuap suah hi. Hichibang in a huap pha ahileh Bible hilchetna, sermon gelhkhiat, Sikul text-bute leh Nipi Sikul laizilte, mitanchin(biography) leh mimal tanchin (autobiography), hattuam khanthu (church history), theology, thusuina thuluite leh adg.adg. ahi uhi. Zattawm laigelhte pen a zatna ding leh azangtu ding bihiah tuam om deu a, hinanleh thu-le-la phuah tawmte pen mikim in zang thei a, lui ta chi zong om thei khol lou hi. Zattawm laigelhte pen laibu tha zaw leh hoi zaw khat ahing kisut chiang in koima’n zang ut non lou hi. Tuaziahin khovel a laibu thupi pen a kigente atangpi in, thu-le-la kiphuah thuhte ahi sese uhi. Lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, leh tangthu phuah chite pen tul thei lou a, a lui deudeu uleh a manphatna lian deudeu zawsop hi. Thu-le-la phuah thute pen atheisiam lou khenkhat te’n zuau genna dan phial in ngaisun sim uhi. Tangthu phuah-tawm a mimin leh munmin khemkhem kivaw tawm nanleh a thugen ut pen thudih tul thei lou ahia, tuami a thutuun khu sil poimo pen ahi. Thuphuah (fiction) leh khangthu (history) pen a peidan kibang sih nanleh, a tupna uh kibang veve ahi – thudih suina ahituah uhi. Khangthu in hun peisa a mun-le-mual om tahtah a mihing tahtahte hinkhua a sui bang in, thuphuah tawm (fiction) in zong mihing ham-le-pau khutlai a zang in laigelh chiindan na kibawl sa tungtawn in mihing hinkhua omzia hing ensah nuam a, thudih i manghilsate leh i mangmat kha ngai loute, muthei din i lungsim mit ahing honsah thei hi. Laigelhtu khat in hichin a gen a, “Khangthu (history) ah mimin leh munmin teng a dih kim a, hinanleh a thugen ut pen dih gige lou hi. Tangthu phuah tawm (fiction) ah mimin leh munminte a dih khol sih ding a, hinanleh a thugen peipi leh a sinsahna pen thudih tul ngai lou ahi thei hi”.

5. Thu Telsuina Lam a-laigelhdan Kalbi Khenkhat Kikupna
(Some research techniques)

Zoukam a laigelh a pichin theina ding in ngentel tah a thu telsui dan thei ut leh lunglutna nei mi phabeb khat nei ngai a, tuate laigelh tung tawn in laigelh changkang leh “quality” nei kisun thei pan ding hi. Tami thusuina lam sang a kisinsahna pen siamna sang mama neite maimai University ah kipiah a, hinanleh “research degree” nei sese lou a mimal kitoudel theina ding kham zil thei tahluat in ka ngaisun hi. Thu kan-ut leh thei-ut subject (thulu) tuamtuam a om bang in, thu telsuina (research) bawl dan zong chi tuamtuam leh lampi tampi om hi. Khotang theina (social sciences) lam mittuh deu in thusuidan kalbi tangpi khenkhat i kikum ding uhi. Thusui a laigelhte dia kisam sil poimo khenkhat ahileh: thulahna-nah (source of information), i bial kimvel a laigelhte etsuahna (survey of literature), i huapsung ding bihiahna (scope), panmun lepna, thu malnenna leh bulkhawmna (thesis, anti-thesis, and synthesis), hun leh mun theina (time and space), adg.adg. tampi om hi.

a) Thulu Bihiahna (scope of study): Thu limsuina i bawl ut leh i thulu (topic) ding bihiah masat ngai a, thulu khat sung ah zong bangkim kihuam thei lou nalai ding hi. Tami din i thulu ding a hun leh mun (time and space) bihiah ahing poimo hi. Hun leh mun bihiah nei lou a thu kigen tamzawte pen thusuina thuh in kituat thei lou hi. Hun khat a sil hoi mama pen hun dang leh mun dang ah hoikhin lou mai thei ahi. Etsahna din, “Khristian sakhona in kipum khatna a tun hi” mi khat in chi taleh thuvantang maimai ahia, a mun leh hun abihiah lou leh khiatna nei lou suah hi. Thulu khat, a hun leh amun hoitah a bihiah ahi zou ching in, limtah in kithuhsui thei pan beb hi. Upadi khat in “Mei sel khat in lui ni tan vah thei lou” achi bang in, khat vei thu in thulu khat sang a tam zaw kitelsui thei lou hi. Thulu khat maimai a i lungsim leh tha, bihiah tah a i seen ngap leh tuami toh kisai in sil tampi kizil be thei pan hi. Nidang lai kumzabi 7-8 BC vel a Greek-te’n “symposium” houlimna, ana bawl uh zong a thulu kibihiah chitchiat hi. Symposium ah thulu khat sang a tam zaw kigen thei lou hi. Thugentu tampi om nanleh thulu khat maimai gen dia kibihiah om a (focus), tuami thulu toh kisai in ngaidan tuamtuam kingai khia hi. Lungsim tampi leh thugentu leh laigelhtu tampi in khatvei thu a thulu khat maimai kibihiah a gen chiang un, tuami thulu pen ngentel tah in kikheu siang thei sipsep pan hi.

b) Thulahna-Naah (sources of information): Thu limsuina leh “research” danpi poimo pen khat ahileh thulahna-naah ding kan masat, thei masat leh gelh khat masat ngai a, tami pen kalbi kisam khat ahia, “bibliographical research” kichi hi. Mikhat in a thulu ding a bihiah zou chiang in, tuami thulu kimvel lai na kigelhsa leh thu na kigensa tengteng ahing sui tou detdet thei hi. Tami ding in laibu nualam a kigelh zel a “Sui bailamna” (Index) te a pha tuam mama a, tualeh article nua a laibu-min (bibliography) kigelhte zong limtah a sui tha ngai hi. Tami apat i thulu toh kisai a lai na kigelh omsa tengteng hing kithei ding hi. Tuaziah in thulu khat toh kisai a thu khat i gen ding chiang in ei masang a thu kigensa teng thei masat a poimo mama hi. Tuami i thei lou leh mi gensa leh bawlsate a thuapthuap a bawl maimai kisuah ding hi. Tualeh midang in hun dang leh mun dang a i thulu bihiah toh kisai a ana gente uh, ei a dia zatthei leh puaphat thei tampi om ding hi. Tham lou in, ngaidan tha zong hing guan thei malam uhi. British sum cheng 2 sia (coin) ning zui ah “standing on the shoulders of giants” (miliante liang tung a ding) chi thuteng kigiel a, Sir Isaac Newton kamteng apat kilakhia ahi. Khovel a scientist thupi pen khat Sir Newton in hichi’n anagen a, “Midangte sang a gamla zaw ka mutheina ziah ahileh, miliante liang tung a ka din ziah ahi”[viii]. Gendan tuam in gen lei, a thusui na thulu toh kisai laigelh thupi kigelh sa teng a sim masa a, tuate a kipat dinmun tha leh sang zawh a lemtou hi, china ahi.

Tuamiziah in i thugente i lahna-na kichian tah a tahlat kia kisam a, tuami i bawl lou leh leptatna chi khat a kingai sun ahia, “plagiarism” kichi ahi. Gam khang toute ah mithugensa khat pulahna leh “reference” pe sese lou a gensawnna, “plagiarism” pen dan in a phal lou ahia, court a din theina thu ahi. Tualeh “plagiarism” pen midang ngaidan va guh sahna suah a, Christian ethics toh zong kituah lou hi. Tuamiziah a thulahna-naah tahlat leh laibu ette tahlat teitei poimo mama hi. Thului (article) leh laigelh dangte a laibu-ette leh thulahna-naah i tahlat leh, midang tuami thulu a lunglutna nei leh thu telsui utte’n maban bailam tah in a zomtou thei ding uhi.

c) Ngentel tah a Thulu Etna (analytical approach): Thulu khat phot kichian tah a i bihiah a, hun bang tan ama i suizui nua in tuami thulu toh kisai a gen leh sah na nei kha mite laigelh tampi hing kithei ta hi. Hinanleh khat leh khat kikukal chiat ding ua, kizopna zong nei mel loudan in kilang ding uhi. Innlam ding hilei, tami ngaidan na omsate leh i thulahna-naah te pen buannawi leh inn sing kilom khawm toh kibang maimai ahi. Tami sing leh buan lomte abat inn khat din doh theina din, kituah tah a gual tha angai ding hi. Inn sing a sau deute tan tom ngai a, khenkhat pe ngai bang om zel hi. Hinanleh duiteen-duichar i nei teng in panmun i neisah ngai a, a kizang thei vawt loute pen touna pou in kisiam nalai hi.

Ngentel tah a thusuina zong hichi bang veve ahia, ngaidan a vaal seng om a, ahilou leh thugen a vaat deu belap ngai lawi zong om a, khenkhat thului (article) leh laigelhna a thunlut ding a thulu in a phallou zong om thei a, tuate laigelh nualam ah “endnote/ footnote” in kizang thei nalai hi. Tualeh thulu khat toh kisai a i thugen masat (thesis) khat phot a kalna ding thudih dang (anti-thesis) khat om gige zel a, tami thudih tuahtuah ahivang a kikal dinmun a omte seelbuh tuah hing ngai a, tami i seelbuh thei leh thudih sang zawh khat hing pawt ding a, tuami pen “thudih lomkhawm” (synthesis) kichi hi. Thudih pen sum toh akibatna chiang om hi, sum in mai ni a nei ma bang in, thudih in mai ni a nei hi. Tung leng va te zong ha khat chau toh leng thei lou ahima bang in, thudih zong ha khat maimai toh leng thei lou a, “thudih lomkhawm” ngai hi. Ngeltel tah a thulu khat bihiah tah a i sui detdet lou leh “thudih lomkhawm”(synthesis) genthada thudih halangkhat (anti-thesis) tan zong kitung lou ding hi. Thulu tampi toh kisai a i theina uh ngaidan masa (thesis) tan ah kinga den a, akum-akum a tami ngaidan toh i om chiang in ngaidan tha suibe utna lungsim gen thada in a suibe utte zong kimuda thei hi. Mihing pen bukim ngai lou ahiman in lungsim kihong nei poimo a, sangsie dan a kingai sut sang in sang naupang hoi hi ding pen dei huai zaw hi. Mihing khat poupou bukim dan a ahing kikoi ching in mimaw suah zel hi.

6. Hunbi nei a Kisun Laigelhte (Periodical Literature)

Zoukam a sakhona lam toh kisai hunbihnei a kisun laibu 8 teng lah ah a poimo pente ahileh Gospel Tangkou, Khristian Tangkou, Suolam Aahsi, leh Khanglai Bulletin chite ahi uhi. Man tawm nou a kisun ahiman un, lai sim thei leh sim ut taphot in bailam tah in a lei zou uhi. Manipur a Zou kampau milip 17,000 vel om lah ah, 60% bang lai simthei-gelhthei dia tuat ahi. Tami teng lah ah, unau Roman Catholic leh pawl neuneute’n tami i tangkou geente sim kha lou ding ua, tuaban ah pawlpi piching Zou Synod leh ELCC sung a laisimdan kihilkha nai lou (illiterates) te’n zong i tangkoute sim kha lou ding uhi. Tuahitaleh, Manipur a Zoukam pau milip 17,000 lah ah hunbinei a laikisunte sim dia lamet thei mi 3,000 beh om thei ahi. Tami laisim lah ah, ama za-ip sawh a laibu lei ding pen 1000 khel om lou ding hi. Tuaziahin, Zoukam laigelh pichin theina din sil kisam khenkhat om a, tami daltu lian deute anuai ah ka hing gual suh hi:

i) Lai simtheilou-gelhtheilou mi (illiterate) hunkhop om nalai a, tami daltu lian lah a masa pen ahi. A suhbeina ding in saangnaupang volunteer leh “mass literacy camp” tampi kisam ding a, vacation awl hun chia hunlemtang et thei gige ahi.

ii) Pawlpi tuamtuamte laigelh khat leh khat kisimsah tuah lou, lai lam a kipanpi tuah louna leh pankhawm louna. Pawl kibat lou ziah in Zoukam pau sung a lai simthei-gelhthei ( reading audience) kisekhen a, pawl neu a omte diahdiah bang koima hindan toh kisoh pha lou in tuam om bitbet thei uhi. Atawp khohna ah, pawl neu a omte pen geen tham ching lou in koi ta lei, pawl piching Zou Synod leh ELCC tegelh in laibu zuahna (market) kibang nei theina dia pankhawm kisam hi.

iii) Lai simthei na pia lunglutna nei lou ziah a laisim lou a “suti” la den Zoukam pau sung ah tampi om hi. Aziah khat ahileh Zoukam a laibute simtah sa lou, himai thei ua, laibu “quality” bawl hoi lei a sim pan ding uhi. Graduate zou a zong laisim chiindan (habit of reading) nei thei nai lou mi tampi tah om hi. Seminar bawl mun lei, thugil kikupna tampi ombe thei dia, hichibang laisiam hingal a laisim “suty” la ziuziau te kiphong hal thei kia hi.

iv) Sum nei lou ziah a laibu lei zou lou, sim zou lou zong khat leh ni om tham hi. Hichibang mite a din laibu a thon a khel theina ding library (laibuli) kisam hi. Mimal a laibu tampi lei zou leh kaikhawm zoute’n zong lai sim ut napia lei zouloute ngaiven hoi hi. Evangelical lamkai minthang John R.W. Stott Ministry te’n JSM Langham Literature Programme tungtawn in hattuam lamkaite laibu leina ding liuliau in Fund a siam ua, Africa, India, Cuba, Brazil leh mun dangdang ah pastor-te adin library tampi a dinsuah uhi[ix].

Hunbinei a laikisunte zap zangkhai ahiman un, laibu pichingte sang ma in mi tampi’n sim bailam zaw sa uhi. Tuaziahin hichibang hunbineite (journals) a hoi thei pen leh gil thei tawp dia a “quality” uh suhsaang a dei huai hi. Quality khansah dan tampi om thei a, tuate lah ah laito-khawl changkang (advanced printing technology), laigelh chiindan changkang, lunglutna chi tampi huap (diversification of interests), special issue nei zelzel, chite ei dinmun toh kituah in i gen nuam uhi.

Gospel Tangkou leh adang khenkhat in Komputer Offset a zang pan ta ua, technololy lam a kalkhat suanbe na ahi. Laibu kisun pen mit a et lawm leh sim nop ahi ding dei huai hi. Hinanleh a poimo zaw ahileh a sung a “thutuun” (content) ahia, tami lampang ah nahpia panlah ngai hi. Hunbinei a laikisunte a simnop huaina din lunglutna haup lian nei poimo a, i thugenna bial (field) leh thugen dan zong khel zelzel kisam hi. Thu hoi pen zong gendan kibang a i gengen leh dau thei ahimanin, a hun leh mun dung zui a them khatkhat siamtha zel ngai hi. Sawltah Paul in a piantha dan Nasepte sung ah mun tampi ah a geen a, hinanleh a geen chin in a mun leh bouruak (context) toh kituah in themkhat a kikhel sah zel hi. Zoukam a tangkoute’n pawlpi thu leh gingtu hagau hinkhua (devotional) lam ban ah, thulu (topic) dangdang zong mun a piah zel uh kisam in ka thei hi. Numei dinmun (gender), khanglaite hinkhua leh lunglutna lam suina (youth studies), mission nasepna, khotang buaina leh natna (social issues), neh leh tah suina (economic issues), hattuam leh mission khangthu (church and mission history), mithupite hinkhia (biography), pipu tawndan leh Tapidaw biahna (culture and Christianity), laipeh tungtawn a Pasian nasepna (literature ministry) chite bang nelsia lou din a poimo hi.

Tualeh laigelh dan dia kibawl chiindan piching khenkhat om a, tuate ahileh lagui gelh, limchiin (play) gelh, tangthu phua (novel) leh tangthu tom (short story) banah prose essay gelh chite ahi uhi. Bible ah lagui tampi om a, Sam labu khu a lian pen ahi. Jesu’n a thugen hilchetna din tangthu tom “gentethu” (parable) kichite anahzat mama a, tulai “short story” toh kinai sim hi. Tualeh zawlneite leh Job gelhtu in limchiin (drama) chindan pian sim in thu agen uhi. Job laibu sung ah Pasian leh Job kinialna (debate) banah, Job leh a lawmte nahpi’n a kinial uhi. Sawltah Paul in laithot gelh anah bawl hi. Tuaziahin, Bible in laigelh dan chi tuamtuam tampi nei a, thugen dan a mi zil, ahun zil, a mun zil in Thuhun Lui apat Thuhun Tha sung ah na kikhel toutou hi. Zoukam a tangkoute’n ahileh a thugen dan bihiah (rigid) khat a nei ua, a kikhel ngai seng sih hi. Prose essay dan ngen in ei lah ah lai kigelh a, lagui chiindan, limchiin, leh short story chiindante kipum nelsia hi. Jesu mama in tangthu-phuah tom nounou “geente thu” i chite uh na zang a, hinanleh tulai mi tampi’n “essay” lou ngal Bible toh kisuah loudan in koi phial uhi. Tulai a i thului (article) gelhdan tangpi uh “essay” tomte pen kumzabi 18 lai a English-mi Francis Bacon, French-mi Montaigne, America-mi Emeson-te hun a hing piang pan ahi. Tuami ma tan in laigelh tamzaw lagui, limchiin, tangthu tom, laithot dan ngen in na kigelh hi.

Tuaziah in hunbih nei a laikisunte “quality” dopsangna din kum khat a khat vei tei beh “Special Issue – Symposium” nei a ngai ding hi. Hichibang symposium masa pen khat Gospel Tangkou October 1998 ah hing pawt a, a thupi ahileh “Christian Literature Poimaw Daan” chia minvo ahi. Tuami Speical Issue ah Tapidaw laigelh toh kisai, editorial pum in, article 7 zen thulu khat nuai ah bihiah tah in tuang a, Upa T. Tunzagin gelh tuni tan a Zoukam a literature thuhsuina (bibliographical research) om sun, “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” zong tuami issue ah tuang hi. Tualeh GT editorial Rev. Hauzalian in tuami issue ma ah hunbihnei a kisun tangkoute toh kisai hichin a gen hi:

“Tami khu sipkhian a thugenpa (Silent Preacher) ahia, thugen mite keng a avapei theilouna dong ah ava peithei a, tualeh tamia thutah manpha kigente kum tampi nua chiang in zong a zatthei nalai ding uhi”[x].
Tualeh hunbihnei a laikisunte adin “Book Review” sil dei huai mama ahi. Zoukam a laibu kisun tha khat a om nah leh “review” bawl pai ding a hoi hi. Laibumin, agelhtu, laibu man, a kisut kum leh mun, banah a thutuun leh thulaimu (abstract) tahlah pai kisam hi. Tami pen Zoukam laibu thate “advertise” bawlna banah, a laibu pumpi sim manlou leh sim khaloute adia kial-lap ding theina in zong pang thei hi. “Book review” in laibu thate ah lunglutna lianpi piangsah thei a, tuachin laisim dan ding lampi leh a thulaimu kheukhiat dan ding kisinsahna zong hithei hi. Tuaban ah, “book review” pen pilvang tah a mipiching mama khat in a gelh leh, laigelhtu (author) te adin zong hanthonna leh laibu “quality” puaphat dan ding lampi kohmuna zong piangsah hi.

7. Thuhitna (Conclusion)

Tami thului (article) ah Zoukam laigelh pumpi a tomkim a etna i nei ua, hinanleh hamkam leh hamzat dan toh kisai bang ma ka gen sih hi. Hamzat dan toh kisai in Pu Nehkhojang leh Pu Thangkhanlal te’n ana sui zui ta uhi. Tami lam toh kisai in sil poimo thum om in ka thei hi: (a) Zoukam “spelling” kibang gual zat thei na dia pan lah ngai hi; tami pen a gen sang in a zui hamsa zaw hi (b) Ham leh pau kinaipi Tedim leh Paite spelling zat dan toh kinai sah ding tum lei, Kawl lam a Zou kampaute’n simnop sa ding ua, i laigelhte uh zuahna ding “market” zong et lou kiphamo in ka thei hi. Tami thu tawh kisai Unaupa Lamkhothawng in “I Zoukam leh I Zoulai” chi thului ah kichian tah in 1996 kum in ZSP magazine ah ana gelh ta hi[xi] (c) Zoukam a ham in a dai lou Mangkam tampi omte mimal in kisai thei lou a, ham kinaipi namdang literature vaisaite tawh “workshop” nei khawm a lunggul huai ding hi. Etsahna din, “literature” chi kamteng maimai zong ei singtangmi kam a bang chi lehkhat ding? Ei sang a na kipanbai zaw unau Mizo-te nasep dan zong a hoi lai a om leh, lungsim kihong tah a zat thei pai mai ahi. “Drama” chi kamteng bang unau Paite-te’n limchiin achi ua, a min dang phuah tha sang a zat khawm thei ahi. Ham leh pau pen a zang ding mi a tam lai sia a hoi ahi; a zang ding mi a om lou leh ham pen misi toh kibang maimai ahi.

Tualeh laigelhdan dih (grammar) leh hamkam sinna (linguistics) chite pen hun tawh kituah a sil kikhelkhel ahi ua, hinanleh thuphuah-laphuah (literature) a khantouna pen sil tuam pi khat ahi nalai hi. Amasa in Zou hamkam dih sang ma in zong Zoukam laigelh hausa tah piansuah ding poimo zawh hi. Literature a gamkehlet ding i genlai in, “spelling” toh kiselbuai a kikaih-awh sah lou ding dei huai hi. Zoukam laigelh toh kisai in, zilnazau laigelh (secular literature) sang in sakhona laibu lam i nah gen zaw kha uhi. Upa T. Tunzagin in biahna laibu neidan theina dia laibu minte ahing kaihkhop bang in zilnazau (secular) lam laigelh zong a kinthei pen a kaikhop a dei huai hi. Hinanleh laibu kisut kum leh a kisutna mun geltel teitei a poimo hi, laibu khen khat Lamka a kisun hithei a, khenkhat Imphal a kisun zong hithei hi. Tualeh laibu kisut kum i geltel lou leh laibu upatdan-naupandan kihisap thei lou hi. Hichibang a laibu min kaikhop pen silbailam hilou a, Mangkam in “bibliographical research” kichi hi. Ngentel tah a thu suitheina din tami “bibliographical research” kalbi poimo masa khat ahi gige hi.


Notes and References:

[i] Maangkam a “abstract” pen thu a tomkim a lahna chikhat ahia, tuaziahin thulaimu ka chi hi, singkung zong a laimu pen gil sese ahi man in. Tomkim zong chi thei hithou nanleh, tami kammal pen Mangkam a “summary” genna din kituah ka sa zoh hi. Thulaimu pen a tomkim maimai hilou a, tuami sang in gil zaw nalai ahi. Tami Mangkam a kizang gige kamteng ni “abstract” (thulaimu) leh “summary” (tomkim) chite Zoukam a om lou ahi ziah in a nawngkai mama a, tualeh Zoukam a laigelh kichi ngal a Mangkam vive va zat moh ding zong a lemtan lou hun a tam mama hi. Zoukam a thulaimu leh tomkim chi kammalte kizang pun pou leh kingainase thei pai din lamet ahuai hi. Kingaina se matan Mangkam toh “bracket” a zat khawm phot ngai ding a, hinanleh khat vei i kingainase nahleh Mangkam a bracket-te awlawl a hepmang thei ahi ding uhi. Tualeh Manglai a “article” pen nau Tedim-te zatdan tawh kituah in, thului chi thei mai ahi. Midang sim thei dia “thu” kiluikhia china ahiban ah, luita sung a tui kisung khawm bang a “thu-lui” china zong hithei veve hi.
[ii] Neihsial, Tualchin, Paite/Tedim Pau a Laibu Neihzah Suina (Paite Literature Society, Lamka, 1992).
[iii] Tunzagin, Upa T., “Zogam Christian Literature Dinmun Etna” in Gospel Tangkou Vol. XI, No. 10, October 1998, pp. 18 – 21.

[iv] Atom gen in, society pen mihing khat sang a tamzaw omna mun a hindan genna ahia, tuahziahin hattuam pawlpite zong society pulam a om ahi tuan sih uhi. Mimal khat tuikul-gam ah a ngentang in om leh society pulam a om chithei pan ahia, hinanleh lawm khat maimai a nei le zong society in a huampha veve hi. Pasian in mihingte society a teng dia asiam ahia, tuaziahin gamsa i hilou buang leh society sung a om ihi. Mikhen khat in “Hattuam pawlpi sang a society ngaina zaw” chi kammal a zang ngai ua, society leh hattuam pen melma bang in a gen kha uhi. Society pen tampi vei laibu (text) toh tekhin in omzel a, huchi hitaleh Thuhun Tha bute sang a Thuhun Lui bute ngaina zaw, chibang a om thei diai? Society pen Bible pumpi hitaleh, Thuhun Tha hattuamte pen New Testament(NT) laibu teng bang ahi. NT leh OT teng khat ahima bang in hattuam leh society zong khat ahi veve uhi. I society pen Tapidaw society asuahna dia pan i lah lou leh Khristian hattuam a beh a kisusiang thei tuan lou hi. Khrist ngei zong a chiil a thu (logos) hinanleh tahsa leh sisan nei in Jew-mi hing suah a Jew-te society sung ah mihing bang in a om hi. Van a hing kipan hinanleh mihing society khu a nasepna “mission field” ahi. Tuaziah in, society pen “khotang hinkhua” china mai hizaw lou in, mihingte hinkhua leh khoheidan pumpi genna ahizaw hi.
[v] King, Neil and Sarah King, The Complete English Literature Handbook, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2001, p. 106.
[vi] Ibid., p. 104.

[vii] Zamlunmang, T, Zamkholian and Kapkhanhau, “Journey of the Cross: A Dramatic Display” in Tapidaw 50 Golden Jubilee Feb. 20, 1954-2004, pp. 177-182.
[viii]Sir Isaac Newton thugen, Mangkam a na sim be ut leh “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” [On-line] A Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) ©1996-2003 Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg
[ix] John R.W. Ministry leh North America a hattuam tampite’n hattuam piching a lamkai thei a, tuachia amau hamkam leh tawndan (culture) toh kituah a Pasian thuhilna bawl sawn thei dingte maimai mit-tuh ding a ngai poimo mama uhi. Tuahileh hiching bang lamkaite’n midang tampi kisinsahna na pesawn thei dia lamet ahi. Simbe in, In the Gap - John Stott Ministry Newsletter, Fall 2003.
[x] Hauzalian, Rev. “Gospel Tangkou Isuana San/ Aziah point 10 te” (Editorial), in Gospel Tangkou Vol. XI, No. 10, October 1998, pp. 1-2.
11 Unaupa Lamkhothawng in IA leh IE banah UA leh UO zatdan kibang nei ding thu ana suut kha ta hi. Zoukam a Laisiangthou (BSI 1967) kisun masa pen in ei Zou aw-suah tawh kituah in IA leh UA ana zang a, hinanleh tuaban a Laisiangthou kisunte’n IE leh UO thakhat a ahing zatdan uh a geen chian ta hi. IE leh UO pen Kawl lam a i unau Zou-te laigelhdan tawh kituah lou ahibanah I ham kinaipi Simte, Paite, Tedim leh Vaiphei-te zatdan tawh zong kituah lou hi. Thadou a maimai tawh hing kituah giap ding hi. T. Lamkhothong gelh, “I Zoukam leh I Zoulai” in tami bang in a geen a: “UA leh UO kimandan – Higel ah zong eima Zou aw sua a pian theina ding in UA man kul hi. UA leh UO a gin dan ki bang pian veve a, nanleh UA pen in eima aw sua piangsah zaw hi. UO i man chiang in Thadou/Kuki … aw sua piang hi… Himi laimal unau Burma a um Zomite [“Zou” geen na] leh Teddim Chin i chi teng in mang ua, Manipur ah Paite, Lushei, Vaiphei, Simte leh a dangdang in mang pen in nei uh hi. Tuaban ah I Zou Labu masa leh Bible msa ah zong kimang a I nam pumpi sung ah chi hoitah a kituta ziah in hen thei ahi nawn sih hi. Nahleh tulai I Bible tegel leh I labu tegel ah IE leh UO kimang in laimal zah dan … a hen ziah un i gam pumpi in kibuai lawta hi”. Zoukam pen Simte, Tedim leh Paite kampau teng in bailam tah in thei ua, hinanleh tua i spelling zatdan uh simha sa mama uhi. Alangkhat ah, Thadou kampau sung ah Zoukam theisiam pen mi tawm mama a, Zoukam leh Paite ham nasan zong unau Thadou tampite’n khenthei lou mawh uhi. Laibu zuahna market ending hilei, tua i spelling zat tangpi uh UO leh IE pen Kawlgam a Khamtung Zou leh Manipur ngei ah zong khot hamsa mama ding hi. Lamkhothong geen bang in, UA leh IA pen eima Zou aw-suah tawh kituah zawh a, Kawlgam a Zou-te a din’ zong zatbailam zaw ding hi. Simbe in, Zomi Sangnaupang Pawlpi (ZSP) Annual Magazine 1995-96, Churachandpur, pp. 71-72.


Appendix - I

ZOUKAM LAIBU NEIDAN KHENKHAT SUINA
(Arranged in alphabetical order)

Awnkhankhup, Rev. Joshua Hilchetna.
BSI (1967). Thuhun Tha (New Testament).
BSI (1981). Thuhun Tha leh Sam.
BSI (1992). Pasian Laisiang thou (Holy Bible).
Chingkhannuam, Nu. Bible Tangthu Vol I & II.
Chinzathang, Rev. Johan Hilchetna.
D.Khupsuanhang Sisan Gualzawlna.
Dimkhochin, Ruth. Khangthate Hinkhua Siamhoina Ding Thute.
Dongzathawng, Pastor. Gospel Galhangte.
ELCC, Ed. (2004). Tapidaw 50 Golden Jubilee Souvenir: Rock of Salvation. Churachandpur, ELCC.
Ginchinzam, Rev. Galatiate Hilchetna.
Ginchinzam, R. Nasepte Hilchetna.
Ginzapau, Rev. Hagau Siangthou leh Anasep.
Ginzapau, Rev Sabath and Sunday.
Gougin, T. Martalte Tangthu.
Hangminthang, Rev. Jesu Khrist leh Asilbawlte.
Hangminthang, Rev. Leente I & II Hilchetna.
Hangpi, Pastor. Hinkhua Puitu.
Hangpi, Pastor. Hinkhua Sutomtu.
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