Leisiet tunga hinna hing piendân a kigên chiengin ngaidân tuomtuom a om a, thusim leh tuotdân dangdang a om hi. Tuate pawlkhat tam aneiah ka’ng tâlang ding hi.
1. Hinnaneiloute patsa thakhatthu a hinna pien thusim(hypothesis spontaneous generation): Sâintist pawlkhat in hinna kichi pen hinnaneiloute(abiogenesis) pansa hing kuondoh ahi a na chi uhhi.
Lungnoute leh thante pen ganta siluong tunga pansa hing pieng ahi chiin na gingta uhhi. Ngaluloh pen buonnawi leh buol veiden lah apat a hing pieng dânin na ngaisut uhhi. Kum 1668 in Francesco Redi in lungnoute, thante leh thoute pen thousite’n gantasite luong tunga a tûi uh, a thah zieh u’a hing piengkhie ahi, chiin na mudoh hi. Tua ahimanin, tam banga hinnaneite hing piendân thusim pen tuni’n a kipomthei nawnta sih a, a kipâimangta hi.
2. Tunglam thaneitu siemna thusim(hypothesis of special creation): Kum 150 vel peisa hun laiin, tunglam a thaneitu khat in hinnaneite a thaneina toh thakhat a bangmalou apata na siemkhie hi, chiin na kigingta hi. Ahivangin, tuni’n tam thusim pen sâins khantouna toh kizuiin mi tampite’n a kipomta sih hi.
3. Vanlam apata hinna chi leitung a hing kiehsuhna thusim(cosmozoic generation): Vannei mong lam patsa hing kipan hinna chi leitung ah hing kesuh in, tuachia hinnaneite hing pieng ahi, na chi pawlkhat na om hi. Mipil pawlkhatin âhsi lêngte(comets) pata hinna hing kipan ahi chiin a um uhhi. Tuni’n tami thusim pen a kipomta sih hi.
4. Hinnaneilou patsa hinnanei piendân thusim(Oparin’s Abiotic Theory )
Kum 4.8 billion peisa tuom in leisiet(Planet_Earth=leitang, leitung) na pieng ahi. Khangluisuonglim kimudohte sunga tulâi a, bacteria omte toh kisun sim tampite pen kum 3.3 billion a, upa(old) khangluisuonglimte tungah na kimudoh hi. Thûhta mai in gêlta lei pen, Nipihuong(solar system) ah, huisa mama nempite in nipi kuolkip in a na kipeipei hi. Nipihuong pen atom chituomtuom tampi kihalte khu huisa mama bawlung lum bangin vannei mong khat ah nipi kimkot in a na kipeipei leh kiviel den uhhi. Nipihuong sunga huisa leh leivui a na kivielviel chiengun, hunkhat zouin, a na khing simta uhhi. Tuachia a na khin(vot) sim chiengun, leitang(leisiet) lum lim leh mêl in a na kilumkhawm u’a, tuachiin leisiet lumte in a na kilang u’a, tuate khu solte(planets) a kichi hi.
Leitung(leisiet) zong solte lah a sol chikhat ahi. Tuachiin, leitung lâilung pen radioactive elementte nempi om ahimanin, a’ng khin chiengun, husa nempi a’ng pieng a, muolpâwh(volcano) tampi na pieng hi.
Vannei ah atom neupente lah ah hydrogen atom(H) a tampen hi. Hydrogen atom pen atom hal(active) mama ahiziehin, silbangkim teng toh kigawmthei, kihalthei leh kichimathei ahiziehin, Oxygen(O2) atom toh a’ng kichimat chiengin tûi(túi)(H2O) a’ng suoh hi. Nitrogen toh a’ng kichimat chiengin Ammonia(NH3) a suoh hi. Carbon toh hydrogen a’ng kichimat chiengin Methane(CH4) a’ng suoh hi. Tuachiin, leisiet pen na sa mama ahiziehin, tui pen tui maimai in a na omthei nâi sih a, a sat sêng sêng ziehin huikhuo ah tuihu na suoh paipai in na lêngmang thang let uhhi.
Pu Oparin - gêndân in, leisiet nâupanlâi in, a huikhuo sungah tuihu(water vapour), ammonia(NH3), leh methane(CH4) na om masapen uhhi. Chemical activityte na sua mama ahimanin atomte pen molecule tuomtuomte leh zat tampi na suoh zel uh ahi chiin a ngaisut hi. Suong tunga beh silicon, aluminium leh sia te pen oxygen toh na kichimat bai mama zel uhhi. Tuni’n zong singkungte patsa’n photosynthesis ziehin oxygen hing pawt sih leh, leitung a oxygen om zousie pen suongte toh kichimat in a beisiengta ding hi. Sâlevot(temperature) sâng mama ahimanin, tua hun lâiin, chemical reaction ziehin carbon toh dim moleculete chipen ‘simple organic silte’ na piengzou thamta va chiin a gingta hi.
Methane(CH4), Ammonia(NH3), leh Tui(H2O) in Alcohol(C2H5OH) ahilouleh Amino Acid(C2H5O2N) kisiemna díngin atomte na poimaw hi. Tua banga complex chemical silte siemna ding husa pen leitung husa leh kawlphemei(lightning) a patsa a hing kipan hi va chiin a kigingta hi. Kum tampi peizou chiengin tuikângpi, dîl leh buol ah tam organic moleculete vei in tuisa dâm veiden(hot thin soup) bangin a’ng omta hi. Tua amino acidte leh carbohydrate neute a’ng kigawmkhawm toutou chiengun organic macromolecule golte(polypeptides) na suoh zel hi. Tuate khu hinnanei chikhat na suoh hiva chithu a gen ahi.
Tuachiin, hinnaneilou apatin hinnanei na piengdoh ahi, a chi hi. Virus pen hinnaneilou ganhing chikhat ahi chithei ahi. Aziehpen, hinnanei cell khat tunga a’ng tuh chiengin ama in hinna a’ng neipan ahihi. Virus chini a khenthei ahi; RNA puo virus leh DNA puo virus. Singkung leh louhing viruste pen RNA puo zât ahi. Ganhing viruste pen DNA puo zât ahihi. Leitung hinnanei zousien chi tungah DNA ahilouleh RNA beh teitei ahi. DNA and RNA pen nucleic acidte ahibou hi. Deoxyribonucleic acid leh Recombinant nucleic acid china ahihi. DNA pen hinna siemna lim neupen ahihi. Hinna siemdân díng pen DNA sungah a om hi.
Tuaziehin, hinna kichi pen tuikangpi mong lam, buonnawi leh buonman opna mun khat patsa khanglui hun sawtpi laia, mun lem khat a, hinna molecule suongnu sungpan a na piengkhie hikha va chithu pen thusînna in a nei hi. Pasien in hinna khu leisiet pansa a na siem kichi khu a dih ma hileh kilawm hi.
Thumakâi(Introduction)
Lamarck leh Darwin in hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim a na suokhietdoh uh khu thutha a hisih a, khanglui lâi Romante, Greekte, Chinese, leh Muslimte in na mêlchi peh uh a na hi a, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang a, na kikhêl gige hichi thu pen mipilte’n a na theisa uh ahi. Ahivangin, tam bang thute na thei mana’nleh uh zong tualai hun a, ngâidân leh tuotdânte na omsate leh na kitheisate toh kidêhzou lou a nahi ziehin, tuami ngaituonate leh thusimte pen na piching zou lou suoh ahi. Sâins lamsang ah suichientheina chientah, suithûhna kitûptah na omlou ahimanin, tua bang tuotdân leh ngaisutna pen na lawching thei lou ahibou hi. Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa mihing kisiemdân khu zong dêhzou guol na hilou hi.
Lamarck leh Khankhietzie
Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) pen Paris khopi a Botany Professor minthang khat na hihi. Ama’n ‘Philosophic Zoologique’ laibu sungah Darwin thusim hing pien ma-in kumzalom 19 bul lam in, hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim na gen masapen ahi. Tua pen Lamarkism chiin a kithei hi. Tami thusim in hinnaneite lim leh mêl kikhêldânte( transmutation of species) hilchienna na a nei hi. Tuami thusim pen hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim kipulah masapen a suoh hi.
Lamarck gêndân in, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in hinnaneite tungah thunei nempi a nei hi, a na chi hi. Hinnanei khat in a chîn ngai khat a chîn gige a, a tahsa hieng khat a zah zing tua tahsa hieng pen kikhêlthei ahi. Tua tahsa hieng a zah gige a, ahileh, a tahsa lim leh mêl puohzie zong kikhêllamdang thei ahi. Tua banga kikhêlnate pen a hlâh a suonte tungah kipesawnthei ahi, chiin a na hil hi. Tuami tahsan hiengte a kizah mun leh tuate pen kikhêllamdangthei ahi a chi hi. Tua lou a, a kizah mun sih leh pen tuate pen hâtmaw sêmsêm in, tualeh zoi deudeu in hun sawtpi zaw chienga mangthâithei ahi, a na chi hi.
Tua bang pienzie kikhêlnate sunga pienzie lâhsawnte pen a khang a khang a chihlâhthei ahi, chi’n na gên hi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn (Inheritance of acquired characters ) a’ng nei chiengin a hlâh a suonte tungah a pesawn dinga a khangkhang in tam bang pienzie(trait) a neita ding uhhi, chiin na hil hi.
Gêntêna in, sangawngsâng(giraffe) ngawngtom(short-necked) khat in singkung saang a nâtâte a nêh sawm chiengin a ngawngtom khu a sâusah sawm zing dínga, a dohtou gige let dínga, a kêngte zong a kidohtou gige dínga, hun sawtpi zaw chiengin a ngawngtom leh a kêngtom pen khu ama thu in, a’ng sâuzawta díng hi, chiin a na gên hi. Sangawngsâng ngawngtom dente pen nâtâte bânpha zoulou ahimanun nêh díng mu zoulou in, a sigamta díng uhhi. A ngawngsâute pen nêh muzou ahi ziehun hlâh leh suonte tampite in tua pienzie lâhsawnte(acquired traits) a nei díng uhhi. Tuachi mabangin, gamléi leh buolna(environment) zil dungzuiin, gûlte zong a tahsa uh a sânsân na ziehun a tahsa uh sâu lawdoh ahia, singhawm suonghawm a kithothol gige zieh un, a kêngte uh a zang manta sih u’a, tuachi hun sawtpi zou chiengin a kêngte uh a mangthangta hi, a chi hi. Tuama bangin, chiâte zong léihawm, léinéi sunga busa den zing uh, ahimanun, a mit un khuo a mutheita sih uhhi. Tuivate zong tui a ngapngap ziehun, a kêngkâhte u’ah, kêng vunkibet(webbed feet) omta uhhi.
Lamarck thusim toh kizuiin mipil Pu Weismann ta bang pienzie lâhsawn pen a dih leh dihlou etkhietna dingin khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan hi. Tua banga khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan nua in zong tuami zu hlâh leh suonte’ mei pen tuntawng tuon sih a, tualeh a tom tuon sih hi. Siakhêngpa thapem gol pen sia a sâtsât na zieha thapem gol ahia, a hlâh leh suonte tuami thapem gol pen a pesawnthei tuon sih a, a lasawn thei tuom sih uhhi. Tua bangin Lamarck thusim pen a gen bangin a om gige tuon sih a, tua ziehin Lamarck thusim pen lâhtâhlou a na suohta hi.
Charles Darwin leh Khankhietzie(Evolution)
Tu kum February ni 12 ni pen Charles Robert Darwin pien kum a kum 200(zani) chin kum ahihi. Tua ziehin, leitung pumpi dínga a na pieh goumanpha; hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim (Theory of Evolution of living things) i minam sungah kitheichien leh chia ka’ng lêdoh ahi.
Charles Robert Darwin?-- (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) English hinnanei lam toh kisai mipil (naturalist) ahi.
Charles Darwin kichi hinnanei lam a mipil pen Shrewsbury, England gam ah mitêngthei mineizou innsung pan a na piengkhie ahi. Apa Dr. Robert na hia, a nu Susannah Wedgwood na hihi. Charles Darwin kum 8(giet) a phâh in a nu in a na muolliemsan hi. Anu si nua in, a pa leh a sanggam numeite’n a na enkoltou uhhi. Suohte etkol kawm in, inn nuomtah ah a na khanglien hi. Leisietsuimi(geologist) Adam Sedgwick(1785-1873) leh hinnanei lam a mipil John Stevens Henslow tegel pilna siemna mukhie in, ama ngaituonate tanpha a na tongkha(happen to influence) mama hi. John Henslow toh kipawl in, sisa hinnanei khanglui silte a na khawmton gel hi.
Kum 16 a chin kum 1825 kum in, Edinburgh, Scotland gam ah a pa’n doctor a na zilsah hi. Ahivangin, ama pen tua langah a lunglut sih hi. Tua hun laia, mi ki-âtte a mu chiengin a chimul a kilîng let hi. A peipidânte uh gum sêng a sah ziehin doctor zilna pen ngaisah lou in pen kum 1827 in a tawpsanta hi. Apa in theology zil dingin Cambridge ah kum 1828 in a na khumlut hi. Darwin pen tuipi ganhing chinguneiloute(marine invertebrates) suichien dingin Cambridge University in hinnalam pilna suidoh in a sawl hi.
Kum 1798 kum in Pu Thomas Malthus in Essay on the Principles of Population kichi laibu khat na suo hi. Ganhingte leh louhingte pen hlâh leh suon pung nuom mama hinnaneite ahi chiin na gên hi. Ama’n a hildân in, mihingte mising pen kum 25 chin chiengin, nêh leh tâhte a kitâhsap sih leh, a leni in a pung let díng uhhi, chiin a na phuong hi. Kum 1838 kum in Pu Darwin tuami laibu na sim a kuon in, thugûh khat a na theikhie hi. Tuami thu pen bang ahiei ? i chi leh, nêh leh tâhte a kiningchin pou a, nat leh sat a op si’a ahileh, hinnaneite pun huoisietdân a’ng mudoh a, a’ng theikhie hi.
Kikhêlna, kikhêllamdanna leh kihlenna khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) in a lampui ahi chiin a’ng theikhie hi. Tuachiin, Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) peidân(process) a’ng theichien dohta hi. Nêh leh tâhte muzou hinnaneite pen a dam sawt u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei un, a pienzie deihuoite a tâte tungah a chihlâh uhhi. Kikhêlna (i.genetic variation ii. variation )khu a kin sih a, a awl a, hun sawtpi lut ahibou hi. Khangluisuonglimte((fossils) patsa in tam thute a kitheithei hi. Khankhietzie tungtawn a lim leh kikhêllamdanna(Mutation) pen Kihinkhawina tungpan in a pieng hi.Tam banga kihinkhawite pen a pung deudeu u’a, a pienzie hoite uh a’ng tam sêmsêm a, tuachiin, hinnanei chituomte hing piengkhie uhhi. Tam bang kikhêlna khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi. Tam bangma in mihingte zong zawng leh ngâute(apes) patsa na pielkhie hlâh leh suonte ahi, a chi hi.
Mihing khankhietzie limlah (Zawng leh Ngâu mihinga hing kikhêlna limlah)
Natural Selection(kihinkhawina): Amasapen in hinnaneite khankhietzie bang ahiei ? chi i theithei nadíngin Natural Selection kichi gênchien sawm va ui. Hinnaneite tungpan a chihlâhthei pienzie deihuoite(favorable heritable traits) a hlâh leh a suonte tung pansa khang tampi peizou a, khumi pienzie deihuoite hing pung leh tam sêmsêm dinmun a dinna leh chî(gene) dangdangte a’ng pien zieha pienzie deihuoiloute hing kiem suh sêmsêm khu Natural Selection kichi ahi. Tami ziehin hinnanei chikhat zâtkhat pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, mun leh gam a’ng luodim uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna lemtan zieh leh puohzou zieha hinnaneite kihinkhawina khu Natural Selection ahi. Zohâm a Kihinkhawina chiin i minvaw díng uhhi.
Darwin; HMS Beagle têmbaw tung pan a Galápagos tuikuolgamte a khuolzinna
Kum 5 vingveng HMS Beagle têmbaw tungah tuong kawikawi in Pacific ocean tuikângpi sunga om Galápagos tuikuolgam(island) tampite a va vê kuolkuolta hi.
Tuami khuolzin sungin, leisiet piendân(geology) Charles Lyell lâibu a sim suohzaw in, leisiet hing piendân, leisiet khangluidân, leisiet pienthu leh tângthu thusim tampi a’ng theikhie hi. Kumzalom 18th lai hun in leisietsiem(geologist) te’n leitung pen kum sângtul sânga khangluiza leh upazaw ahi chi pen a theikhie u’a, Bible in a gên sânga zong upazaw tham lou in, leitung pen a hun dungzuia a lim leh mêl kikhêl zêl a na hilam a theikhie uhhi. Pasienzilmite(theologians) ngaisut banga thakhatthu kikhêl ahi sih hi,chi khu a theidoh uhhi. Khangluisuonglim(fossil) tampite zong a na kitoukhedoh a, muthei dingin mun tuomtuom apatin na kisuichien zou hi. Tuachiin, suongte in khanglui lai hun a hinnaneite lim leh mêl record in na kisim hi.
Galápagos tuikuolgam khat leh tuikuolgam dangdangte tunga têng vanêzum(finch)te pen a mêl a puom uh, a tuompien chiet in a theikhie hi. Darwin vanêzum nam 13(sawm leh thum) tah a na mukhie hi. South America gam a, a mu ngaisa vanêzum chikhat hlâhte kibang sa in, lamdang a sa hi. A nêzum leh a puom uh a etkâh chiengin a tuompien sim chiet uh a mukhie hi. Gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a tên zieh u’a, tuompien chiet un, kibangta lou uh, hiva chiin a um hi. Tuana vanêzumte pen nêh leh tâh sui dungzuia tuachia kikhêl hi ngêiva chiin a gingta hi. Ama’n a tuotna ah, a chîl in, tua vanêzumte pen South_America gam a hing kipan in khum tuikuolgam tuomtuom ah a na pêmlut uhhi, chiin a pom hi. Tuachia, mun tuom gam tuom a, ahing buol chiengun gamlei leh buolna dangdangte ah a’ng busata u’a, tuachiin dam leh bittah a, a hintheina dingun a mêl uh a’ng kikhêl zêl uhhi.
Khang tampi a’ng hi nua chiengin, nêh leh tâh mubaina leh mutheina díngin a chitung u’ah, mêllamdanna(variations, speciation) a’ng pieng hi. Tuachia kikhêltheite’n nêh leh tâhte kiningchingtahin a muthei u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei in, amaute pienzie deihuoite(favorable traits) khu a hlâh a suonte tungah chihlâh sawn uhhi. A pienzie deihuoite pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, hun hing pei zel in, tua hinnaneite pen chi tuom zât tuom in a’ng omta uhhi. Tam bang piendân pen Natural Selection tungtawn a hing omthei ahi. Kibahlouna leh mêllamdanna na om tama nanleh zong gamlei leh buolna in a têltuom khu Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi. Tuni’n tam bang mêllamdanna leh pienkikhêlna pen Adaptive radiation a kichi hi. Gamlei leh buolna in khum mêllamdanna omte lah ah,hoipen a kitêldoh hi.
Vanêzum chi tuomtuomte
Ganhingte leh louhingte lim leh mêl puohte tuomdeu leh dangdeu a mute a tuot chiengin mêltuomna(Biological Variations) “Speciation.” pen a’ng mudoh hi.
H.M.S Beagle Tembaw H.M.S Beagle’ kum 5 sung khuolzinna(1831-1836)
Tua hun sungin léisiet lam pilna tampi a na mudoh hi. Leitung a sing leh suong(vegetation) omte tampi a na mudohdânte ama’n Journal of voyage kichi laibu khat ah a mukhietteng a hilchien a, tuachiin leisiet lam toh kisai mipil tah khat in mipilte’n ama na pom uhhi. Singte(trees) leh antelouhingte(plants), Ganhingte(animals) leh gamsate(wild animals) leh khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kithêzâhdante a ngaisut chiengin Charles Darwin in chi khat apat a, chituom leh chidang puo in lim leh mêl kikhêl lamdanna bangchi kihlen/pien( transmutation of species) ahiei? chi pen a’ng tuotzaw chiengin Natural Selection Thusim(theory) kum 1838 in ama’n a na sutuo hi.
Hun sawt kuomtah tua tuikuolgamte sunga a’ng zah zou chiengin, Lai Siengthou sunga kigênsa mihing kisiemdân toh kikalthei dîng hinnaneite(mihingte) khankhietzie thusim(theory of human evolution) khat a’ng mukhie hi. Tuami pen ahileh; hinnanei zousie pen Natural Selection tungtawn a, pienna hlâhtute kibang(common ancestors) pansa hing kuondoh vive ahihi, chiin hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(Human Evolution) khat a’ng puongdoh hi.
Tua hunlai in mihing leh hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim pen gam leh haw ah na kigen minthang zouta hi. Ahivangin, koima’n thusim thuhtah leh pansia ding a na mu sih u’a, Darwin kichi pa khat in a thusim thuhte leh pansia techite na suikhiet dungzuiin ama pen a mu masapen khat suoh ahizaw hi. Mipil dangte’n zong tam bang thusim pen na ngaisut chiet ma uh leh zong, a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna theikhen lou un, na om uhhi. Darwin in a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna a’ng khenthei chiengin thusim lamdang mama khat a’ng mukhethei hi.
Ama’n a na theikhiet leh na pulah thupipen ahileh; tu-a hinnanei chituomtuom zousie pen hlâhtu kibang sungpan a na piengdoh leh na khanglien(Evolution Of Man ) ahi ban u’ah, kum tampi kivei in, Natural selection na kichi peidân(process) khat tungtawn a na khangkhetou leh na kikhêltou zêl uh ahi.
Darwin mukhiet mihing khankhietzie(Human Evolution) thusim(theory)(Darwin's Theory Of Evolution ) in hinna(nuntàtna) chi tuomtuomte pen kum sângtul(million) hun peisa hun in amate’ hlâhtu kibangte(common ancestors) apatin hinkhawina(natural selection) tungtawn in, na khanglienzou ahi, a na chi apatsa in leitung a pil leh siemte sâintiste ngaidan leh minâutangte(common people) ngaituodân na tuomsah zou hi.
Pu Charles Darwin in kum 1858 a, thusim a giel lâiin Pu Alfred Russel Wallace in ama’a toh kisûn thusim(theory) khat a hlâh a, Darwin thusim toh a kibang mama hi. Tuazaw in amani’n a thusim gêl Journal of the Linnaean Society ah a suoton uhhi. Charles Darwin in kum 1859, November hla ni 24 ni in On the Origin of Species laibu sungah Natural Selection kichi thutengte na giel masa hi. Tuani ma in tuami laibu pen a kizua sieng pai hi. Kum 1871 kum in The_Descent_of_Man and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex laibu nasuo hi. Pu Herbert Spencer in kum 1851 kum in thuguitawng(phrase) ‘survival of the fittest’ kigen minthang pen na zang masapen hi. A guolpa Pu Thomas Henry Huxley(1825-1895) in tuami Darwin laibu pen a’ng sim chiengin kichien mama a sa a, ama’n a na tuottheiloudante a ngaisut chiengin, a tha na mama, pum in a mawldanpi a phuongzah hi.
Tuami thusim peidan a’ng kithêzâh bep in leitung a mipil misiemte leh minâutângte ngaituona, lungsim leh theina tampi a tongkha(influence) hi. Bangzieh a, hinnanei scientist(sâintis) khat ta banga sâintis thupite- Galileo , Isaac Newton leh Albert_Einstein te toh kikimton a kithupi ngâi ahiei? chi pen ngaituo tham ching ahi, ka chi ut hi.
Charles Darwin mukhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(theory) tam aneia bang ahi:-
Charles Darwin in Lamarck thusim(theory) pen a na pom sih hi. Ama’n ‘Origin of Species’ laibu sunga a gen thupipente khu mêllamdanna, hinna kidemna leh hlâh leh suonte tunga pienzie chihlâhna(heredity). Ganhingte hun pei dungzuin a kikhêlzou uhhi. Tuni’a ganhing I mute uh, khanglui laia toh kibanglou ahi. Khanglui lâia ganhing tampite tuni’n a gam siengta uhhi. Leisiet a om den ahisih a, a kikhêl let ahi. Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) pen têchi(evidence) hoi mama pawlkhat ahihi.
Leitung a hinnanei gamsate, ganhingte, ganingte(insects), singkung leh antelouhingte pen a hlâhtu(ancstor) kibang(common, same) patsa hing kipankhie ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kivei zouin, lim leh mêl tuomtuom chiet in a’ng kikhêl uhhi. Hinnaneite pen a’ng pun chiengun tahsa hoinate leh sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, a dangte pen a sigam let hi. Pienzie neihoite bou a hing u’a, a poumaw a piengmawte pen a gam sieng let hi. Tam bang kikhêlna ziehin hinnaneite in mêl leh puom, tahsapien, sisan tuomna a na nei uh khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi.
(chi tuomtuomte)
(a kibang hlâhtute)
Hlâh leh suon singkung
1. Gâsuonna nempi(enormous fertility): Hinnanei zousie tup thupipen ahileh hlâh leh suon, ta leh nau nei ding, damsawt ding chi ahihi. Gâsuonna(fertility) nempi leh lamdangtah ziehin hinnaneite(Living Things-plants and animals, organisms) pen a leni in a pung zel u’a, a khang a khang in a leni sawnsawn in a mising(population) in a pung sêmsêm uhhi. Tam bang pundân pen Mângkam in geometric series(1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128--) a pung let a kichi hi. Tam banga a’ng pun chiengun, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in a puohzou lou in, nêh leh táhte muzou lou khop in a pung let uhhi. Tam pen bangchi banga piengthei ahiei chi pen tam aneia bang in a kigen hi. Hinnaneite pen hlâh leh suon neina lam ah a pung tam bai mama uhhi. Akhang akhang in kop khat khu kop ni a suoh a, kopni khu kop li a suoh a, kop li khu kop giet a suoh a, tam chiin a leni sim in a pung let hi. Manghâm in geometric series(GP) a, pung a kichi hi. Geometric series (2-4-8-16-32-64-128…). Tam banga ganhingte a pun huoisiet vangin, kihinkhawina in a phal let sih a, tampipi a sigam zel u’a, tuachiin ganhingte mising a hunbep khat in a omden hi.
Leitung a hinnanei ganhingte, singkungte leh gamsate hlâh leh suonte khu dam chietta uh henlen hlâh leh suonte nei kim kia chietta uh leh, pen leitung pumpi a luodim paita ding uhhi. Darwin tam thute pen angka(math) tuottuona zangin a khuot hi. Ama’n a mukhietdan a gielna ah hichiin a gen hi.
Darwin in hichi in na gen hi, “Sâi pen gantate lah a, hlâh leh suon neiha mama leh nei vaigei pen vawt khat ahi. Sâi nupa khat nâunei ding dan leh a pundan ding ka tuottuo chiengin a nâipen in kum 30 a chin(upat) chiengin sâipi khat in nâu(ta)neita henlen, tuachiin kum 90 a upat tandongin a tawmpen in ta 6(guh) nei tamaleh, kum 750 hun peizou chiengin tam sâi nupa patsa’n a hlâh leh suon piengkheteng dam kim chiet uhleh, pen sâi 19,000,000(sângtul 19) pha phiel díng hi” a chi hi.
2. Hinna kituna (Struggle for existence) Hinnaneite ahilouleh Ganhingte missing(census, population) pen gamléi leh buolna mun a nêh leh tâhte in a puohzoulou leh vâhzoulou chiengun, amauh leh amauh kidem(struggle, compete) leh kitu(fight for, contest) zing in a hing uhhi. “Nê inlen kinesah in’(eat and be eaten) chidan hinkhuo mangin hinnaneite a om uhhi. Hinna dei ziehin a kidem a kidou ngitnget uhhi. Kidemna chi thum a om hi;
i) Amauh leh amauh kikâl a ann, kibuhna, kibuolna, vâh leh sil dangdang kitu a kidem gige na khu innsung a kituna Intraspecific Struggle kichi ahi. Numei pasal chi bang tel tuomna tualeh neita zonna chite bang kideitelna leh kidemna chikhat ahi.
ii) Anina ah, hinnanei chikhat leh chituom kidemna leh kidouna khu Interspecific struggle kichi ahi. Gêntêna díngin, sakhi ahisihleh sazuh humpi khat in a mat sawm chienga a pîtsawm, a kituh dam khu china ahi.
iii) Gamléi leh buolna toh kidemna(Struggle with environment): Gamlei leh buolna sungah hamsatna chituomtuom a’ng tun chiengin hinnaneite’n thuoh hasa a sa mama uhhi.Gamsat, gamgaw, vot leh sat, tuilien, leitung satna leh huikhuo kikhêl ziehin hinnaneite’n gentheina tampi a tuoh uhhi. Tamte khu gamlei leh buolna toh kidemna kichi ahi.
3. Mêllamdanna leh Chihlâhna(Variation and Heredity)-
Pienna nu leh pa ahisihleh chîkhat(one species) sunga mêl leh puom tuomna, kikhêlna, kibahlouna, kilamdanna, chituomna leh mêltuomna khu Mêllamdanna kichi ahi.
Khankhietzie pientheina dingin, tam mêllamdanna khu poimaw leh kul ahihi. Tam gel tel louin hinnaneite khankhietzie piengthei lou ahi. Tam bang mêllamdanna pen chihlâh a opthei sih leh khankhietzie omthei tuon lou ahi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn(acquired traits)te pen chihlâhthei(heritable) ahi têi ngâi ahi. Tua bang a’ng hithei chienga khankhietzie a’ng piengthei pan ahi. Lamarck thusim kipomtheilouna pen pienzie kichhlâhthei lou zieh ahi.
4. Kihinkhawina ahilouleh Achìngpên damna(Natural Selection or Survival of the fittest):
Hinnanei tampite kidem leh kidou in a hinkhuo uh amang zel uhhi. Hinanleh, sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, tuate neiloute pen a simang zel uhhi.
Nêh leh táhte(resources) muzou lou ziehin amauh leh amauh kidem in a’ng om u’a, , nêh leh táhte kitu in a kibântha zel uhhi. Tuachia a’ng op chiengun a lah u’a, a hâtpen leh a chìngpente a hing(dam) u’a, a poumaw/piengmaw/hâtmawte a sigam uhhi. Tam bang optandân pen Darwin ma-in Herbert Spencer in achìngpen kihinkhawna khu ‘survival of the fittest’ a na chi hi. Hinnaneite lah a a chìngpente’n a tahsa tunga a chiziete(genes) khu a hlâh leh suonte tungah a pesawn leh a chihlâh sawn u’a, tuachiin a khang uh a hoipien sêm hi. Tua ziehin, a chìngpen a hing/dam a, hlâh leh suon tampi a neithei uhhi.
A piengmawte pen chihlâh neilouin a si uhhi. Achíngloute leh a poumawte pen gên selouin a mangthang u’a, a sigam sieng zêl hi. Tam bang kideitêlna leh kichitelna pen Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi.
5. Gamléi leh buolna kihlen zieha mêllamdanna pieng(Variations due to changing environment):
Gam leh léitang hoi mun a, hinnanei khangliente leh têngte adíngin damna leh bitna a hoi sêm a, tuachiin a pung sêmsêm thei uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna hamsatna leh gentheina a’ng tun dungzuiin hinnaneite pen in kikhêltheina pienzie a nei uh kul hi. Tuachi sih leh a dam zou sih ding u’a, a gam siengta ding uhhi.
Tuachiin a hlâh a suonte tungah a chî hoinate pesawn in, a chihlâh u’a, gamlei leh buolna in a opkhum zâl in, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang in, lim leh mêl kikhêlna nei toutuou in, kum tampi nua chiengin, a pienna kibang hinapiin, chituomtuom nam tuomtuom bangin ahing omta uhhi.
6. Origin of Species
Darwin gêndân in, hinnanei chi kibangte khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia a dam chiet uh a, a kihinkhawi u’a ahileh, khang tampi kum tampi zaw chiengin tua chi kibang hinnaneite pen a hlâhtu leh a pienna nu leh pate toh a lim a mêl uh, a puom uh a kisunta sih díng u’a, tuachiin amate pen chituom zât tuom bangin a kisimta díng hi.
Kum sângtultul tungtawn a hichi bang peidân zuiin kikhêlna na pieng den ahita ziehin, hinnanei masapen; hlâhtu masapen, patsa tunia hinnanei; ganhingte leh louhingte na piengkhie ahihi. Khang tampi a’ng peizou chiengin hinnanei chi kibang luite kihinkhawina ziehin a’ng kikhenkhie zêl u’a, tuachiin chituom deu leh chitha a na lêngkhie let hi. Humpi, Tawpi, Ngêu, Gielpawl, Kâmkei, Taw-u(To-u) ganhingte in kibahna nempi nei ahi ziehun, amaute pen mêllamdanna leh kihinkhawina zieha hlâhtu kibang patsa, na kikhenkhedoh uh ahi uhhi. Tuachiin, tuniin amaute pen chituom nam(species) tuom bangin a kisimta hi.
Darwin thusim(theory) tomkim in tam aneia bang ahi.
1. Hinnaneite a’ng pun chiengun kidemna a’ng pieng a, ahivangin, a mising uh a ngaingai in a khawlden hi.
2. Kidemna a’ng op chiengin achìngpente a khinkhawina ziehin mêllamdanna leh chihlâhna a tung hi.
3. Achìngpente gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuiin a’ng damzou u’a pienzie deihuoite a chitung u’ah a puo u’a, tuachiin a hlâh leh a suonte uh tungah a chihlâh sawn zêl uhhi. Tuachia kum tampi a khang akhang a, a’ng kichihlâh toutou chiengun hlâhtu kibang patsa’n hinnanei chituom nam tuom a’ng piengkhie hi.
Hinnaneite khankhietzie têchite bangteng a om ei? (Evolution evidences)
Hinnaneite khankhietzie techite ganhingte khangguolna, mêlpuohdân, pienchîltui (embryology),kimatkaina(link),khangluileisietsuina(palaentology), tahsapien(physiology) leh leitung ganhingte kihawmzâhdân te tungpan in a kitheithei hi.
i) Khangguolna(Taxonomy); ganhingte a khangsimna uh, a neupen apat a lienzaw lam a ahing kiguol a, ahing kisim leh, hinnaneite pen cell khat maimai patsa cell nempi nei ganhing in a’ng kiguol toutou hi. Tam in bang a etsah e? i chi leh, ganhingte pen cell khat a pat a na piengkhie in, khankhietzie zieha ganhing cell tampi nei na suoh ahi uhhi.
ii) Mêlpuohdân(Morphology): Mihing khut, sakol kêng, bâh hla, nga ngingku, Artic seal khut-hiem leh adangdangte pen a sep(toh) díng uh kibang a na kibawl ahihi, hinanleh, gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a na op zieh u’a, mêl kikim leh kibang a, na pieng lou ahi. Tam pen Homology kichi ahi. Vestigial organs kichite khanglui laiin, a panna na om ma leh zong tuchiengin a pannabei in tahsa hieng bangin a mawh omta hi. Etsahnate; sampi keme, nausen meigu, kiwi meitom, ostrich hlakui, mihing gilpeng, mihing meigu, mihing bilngêh leh adangdangte ahihi.
iii) Kimatkaina(connecting links
Tang a kimkhat reptile, a kimkhat mammal, a tui a thah vanga, mammal banga a mul nei vethou. Archaeopteryx kichi pen a kimkhat va a kimkhat reptile tuitha ganhing chikhat na hihi, reptile te apat a vate na lêngkhie ahi, chi pen kitheichienta hi.
iv) Pienchîltuisimna(embryology) patsa’n khankhietzie a kitheithei hi.
Ganhingte pienchîltui(embryo) te a upatdân a kibah laitah a, a ki-etton chiengin, a lim a mêl uh a kibang chiet u’a, khenkhietdân hasa mama hi.
v) Tahsapien(physiology): Mihing sisan group A, B, AB ahilouleh O ahithei a, A leh B group te ngâute sisan ah zong a kimuthei hi. Zawngte sisan tam bang a om sih hi. Tua ahimanin, ngâute pen mihingte natna veithei in a kithei hi. Tahsapien kibahna khu khankhietzie na pien zieh ahi. Thyroid gland te mihing leh ganhingte sa tungah a om a, tuami in tahsapien kibahna a’ng tun hi.
vi) Ganhingte kihawmzâhdân: Leitung a ganhingte mun tuom gam tuom ah a têng uhhi. Gam leh muol sâlevot kibah dungzuiin ganhingte zong kibang chiet deidoi sam hi. Gamsa gam India leh Africa gamte ah saite a om a, Brazil gam ah sai a om sih hi. Marsupial leh montreme te New Zealand leh Australia a om u’a, gam dang ah a om sih uhhi. Creataceous khang; Gondwana gambup leh Australia gambup na kikhenkhiet lai hun a, marsupialte leh monotremete a tuom in na têng u’a, chi tuom nam tuom na suoh uhhi.
vii) Khangluileisietsuina(palaentology): Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) zilna khu Palaeontology kichi ahi. Khanglui laia, ganhingte sisate suongsuoh pawlkhat khu suong tung suong sungah a kilang let uhhi. Gahing khat suong a suo chienga tua bang suodân khu Petrification kichi ahi. Petrification pen suongsuoh chithei ahi. Nidanglaia, singna, ganingte hlakui, gamsate, vate gu leh tângte, dinosal gute, vuasaite, chingpi gute leh adangdangte na kigawlching khu khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kichi ahi. Tamte patsa’n etsahna dingin sakol hing kipatna a hlâhtu masapen a’ng kitheithei a, a kikhêldânte khangluisuonglimte tungah etthei díngin a na kimudoh hi.
Tulai sakolte pen sakol bang Eohippus patsa na pielkhie dân ahi thu theichien in a om hi. Tuazawin, Mesohippus a’ng lêngkhie a, tuazouin, Merychippus a na piel a, tuachiin tunia i sakol mute uh pen Equus kichi sakol hlâhtu pansa hing pieng ahi.
Biehna leh Scientiste demna
Darwin in a thusim a’ng pulah zou a kipatin, tuami thusim demse ding scientist tampite leh biehna lam siempute tampite na om hi. Ama’n scientist khangdawngte pen a thuzawzou a, hinanleh, scientist minthang Pu Richard Owen leh leisietsiem leh hinnasuisiem(biologist); Pu Louis Agassiz te a na thuzawzou sih hi.
Church of England in a mawpai pai sih hi. Siempu pawlkhat in tuami thusim pen Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa Pasien updân leh Pasien thu leh la(theology) toh kikêlkî ahimanin, tua pen ginna susethei ahi chiin na nielkal uhhi. Darwin lawmte; Adam Sedgwick leh John Stevens Henslow tegel leh Charles Hodge in a pom sih uhhi. Thomas Henry Huxley in Darwin thusim pen nâhpitahin a panpi a, ama pen Darwin ‘bulldog’ chiin na kiminvaw va-iah hi. Kum 1860 kum in Oxford ah Evolution Debate khat na om hi. Tuanah, Oxford Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in na ha nielkal hi. Joseph Hooker in a na hu hi. Siempu Charles Kinsley in hinnaneite kihinkhawina Pasien silsiem vanzah khat hiva chiin a updân thu a phuong hi.
A lâibu suokhiet ‘Origin of Species’ patsa’n Lâi Siengtho bung Siemchîlbu sunga na kigielsa; Pasien in mihing na siemdân kalthei dínga ahing optâh chiengin biehna siempu tampite na buoisezâh gawp uhhi. Siemtu khat in mihing leh ganhingte na siem ahi chia, Lâi Siengtho sunga na kigielsa leh mihingte na upsa ginna pen demse dân a, a’ng optâh chiengin siempu pawlkhat in Charles Darwin pen ginsuolna bawltu (heresy) ahi chiin thâ díng mat díngin vâi a na hawm uhhi. Mihing leh silbangkim Pasien na khên,na siem leh na suhtûp ahi, chi pen biehna lamkâite’n a gên thupi uhhi. Manghâm in Intelligent Design theory a kichi hi. Thuneitu tungnungpenpa khat in silbangkim a na khên(designed) ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Bangteng hita ma nanleh zong hinnanei kichite khu cell neunou khat a patsa hing kipan hima uh leh zong tua cell neunou pen khu Pasien siem ahi veve hi, chiin a pom thou uhhi.
Catholic Biehna in hinnaneite khankhietzie a na pomdân(Vatican view of evolution)pen Darwin thusim toh na kikal pumpâng tuon si’a, a na pom siem veve hi. Catholic Biehna Pa Pope Pius XII in kum 1950 kum in thusuobu(Encyclicals/Humani_Generis) ah, Darwin thusim tungtâng thute ngâidân a na phuongzâh hi. Tuami ahileh; Biehna in silsiemte leh hinnaneite khankhietzie suichienna leh thukupna lamsang khu mipil misiemte’n Pasien thu leh late, toh kikumkal lou a, a suichienthei nâh uh leh, tuate pen khâm ahi sih hi, chiin thuphuonna na bawl hi. Tua bân ah, mihing hing pienna toh kisai thute ah, mihing khu hinnaneite hlâhtu kibang chikhat pansa hing kuon ahi, chi toh kizuiin, upna leh ginna lam ah pen mihing hlagâu(hla) khu Pasien siem ma ahi chiin a pomkip hi. Pa Pope John Paul II(anina) in hinnaneite khankhietzie khu a dih ma ahi, chiin na gênzou hi(Catholic view of Evolution and Darwin).
Khangluileisietsuina(Paleontology): Khangluileisiet kimudohte patsa’n hinnaneite khankhietzie a kitheithei hi, chiin a kigen hi. Ahivanga, hinnaneite khankhietzie a kingaisut tahtah chiengin ganhing khat leh ganhing khat hei sung taha na kikhendoh uh ahiei? chipen mu hamsa mama hi. Nu sung pa sung khat a na kuondoh himauhleh zong bangpen a na kipetuo uh e, bangchih hun a na kikhen uh ahi uoi? Gentêna khat ah, dinosalte patsa vabang Archaeopteryx na kuondoh ahi i chitâh u’a, ahileh, tuate gel kikâl a ganhingte bang lim leh mêl a na hi diei? chi pen i ngaituo chiengin sil ngaituo hasa mama pi khat a suoh hi.
Ngâute patsa mihing hing kuondoh ahiei? (Man from Apes ?)
Mipil pawlkhatte’n khangluisuonglim kimudohte leh kitoudohte pansa’n hinnanei khankhietzie thusim pen a mân ma ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Ahivangin, Pasien silsiem gingtate vangin, mihing khankhietzie têchite pen khangluisuonglim tuntawngte na kimudohte pou ahi; ha them, hate, pheigu(malgu) tawng pou, talpang gu halthem, khagu, khelgu pou na hihi. Hinnaneisuisiemte’n tua gu kimudohte a na suhtuotuo un, khuchiin, khanglui lâia mihing lim leh mêl toh kisun in na bawltawm uh ahi, chiin a nuol uhhi.
Tam bang gu leh tâng kimudohte pen kimkhatte zuouthu zuounâl toh na kibawl hi chiin na kitheikhie zêl hi.
Kikhêllamdanna(Mutations): Darwin thusim peipidân pen kum sângtultul lam peizaw chienga silpieng thute a gênna ahibou hi. Hinanleh, a thusim in thakhat a hinnaneite kikhêllamdanna peidân a hilchien thei sih hi. Tam bang thakhat a kikhêllamdannate(Mutations) pen a hoina lam ah a pei sih a, se lam ah a lêng hi. Bawng kineilou, ngêu mulbei, ui meineilou te pen kikhêllamdanna zieh ahihi. Tua ahimanin, Darwin thusim pen kiptah a, pomthei lou a suoh hi.
Kihinkhawina têchite(evidences)
Industrial Revolution laiin khawlte patsa’n innkîng leh leivom nempi na pawtdohte in singkungte a vomsah a, singpante a gamsah hi. Tua ziehin chithah kâng a na tawmsuh a, chithah vom na pung hi. Chithah vomte(peppered-moth, black moth) pen vâte in a muchienthei lou uh ahimanin, a pung deudeu u’a, chithah kângte(light-coloured moths) mising(population, number) pen a kiem deudeu uhhi. Tam in chithah khankhietzie leh mêllamdanna chientah in a kawmu hi. Global warming ziehin, khinkhawina optheina dingin, Japan gam ah tuikeppâte in a sex(numei ahilouleh pasal hina) uh a khêlthei uh hi.
John Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel, modern genetics pa pen Darwin toh khanguol a na hi uhhi. Darwin puohkhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim leh Mendel genetics tamte gel kigawm in Synthetic Theory of Evolution ahisihleh Neo-Darwinism ahilouleh Modern evolutionary synthesis chiin mintha a na kivaw hi. Natural selection ziehin a damsawt leh a damsaute in hlâh leh suon tam a neithei uhhi.
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Translated into Zohâm/Zokam by Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)
.::. All my articles can be view here: MELTED HEARTS .::.
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1. Hinnaneiloute patsa thakhatthu a hinna pien thusim(hypothesis spontaneous generation): Sâintist pawlkhat in hinna kichi pen hinnaneiloute(abiogenesis) pansa hing kuondoh ahi a na chi uhhi.
Lungnoute leh thante pen ganta siluong tunga pansa hing pieng ahi chiin na gingta uhhi. Ngaluloh pen buonnawi leh buol veiden lah apat a hing pieng dânin na ngaisut uhhi. Kum 1668 in Francesco Redi in lungnoute, thante leh thoute pen thousite’n gantasite luong tunga a tûi uh, a thah zieh u’a hing piengkhie ahi, chiin na mudoh hi. Tua ahimanin, tam banga hinnaneite hing piendân thusim pen tuni’n a kipomthei nawnta sih a, a kipâimangta hi.
2. Tunglam thaneitu siemna thusim(hypothesis of special creation): Kum 150 vel peisa hun laiin, tunglam a thaneitu khat in hinnaneite a thaneina toh thakhat a bangmalou apata na siemkhie hi, chiin na kigingta hi. Ahivangin, tuni’n tam thusim pen sâins khantouna toh kizuiin mi tampite’n a kipomta sih hi.
3. Vanlam apata hinna chi leitung a hing kiehsuhna thusim(cosmozoic generation): Vannei mong lam patsa hing kipan hinna chi leitung ah hing kesuh in, tuachia hinnaneite hing pieng ahi, na chi pawlkhat na om hi. Mipil pawlkhatin âhsi lêngte(comets) pata hinna hing kipan ahi chiin a um uhhi. Tuni’n tami thusim pen a kipomta sih hi.
4. Hinnaneilou patsa hinnanei piendân thusim(Oparin’s Abiotic Theory )
Kum 4.8 billion peisa tuom in leisiet(Planet_Earth=leitang, leitung) na pieng ahi. Khangluisuonglim kimudohte sunga tulâi a, bacteria omte toh kisun sim tampite pen kum 3.3 billion a, upa(old) khangluisuonglimte tungah na kimudoh hi. Thûhta mai in gêlta lei pen, Nipihuong(solar system) ah, huisa mama nempite in nipi kuolkip in a na kipeipei hi. Nipihuong pen atom chituomtuom tampi kihalte khu huisa mama bawlung lum bangin vannei mong khat ah nipi kimkot in a na kipeipei leh kiviel den uhhi. Nipihuong sunga huisa leh leivui a na kivielviel chiengun, hunkhat zouin, a na khing simta uhhi. Tuachia a na khin(vot) sim chiengun, leitang(leisiet) lum lim leh mêl in a na kilumkhawm u’a, tuachiin leisiet lumte in a na kilang u’a, tuate khu solte(planets) a kichi hi.
Leitung(leisiet) zong solte lah a sol chikhat ahi. Tuachiin, leitung lâilung pen radioactive elementte nempi om ahimanin, a’ng khin chiengun, husa nempi a’ng pieng a, muolpâwh(volcano) tampi na pieng hi.
Vannei ah atom neupente lah ah hydrogen atom(H) a tampen hi. Hydrogen atom pen atom hal(active) mama ahiziehin, silbangkim teng toh kigawmthei, kihalthei leh kichimathei ahiziehin, Oxygen(O2) atom toh a’ng kichimat chiengin tûi(túi)(H2O) a’ng suoh hi. Nitrogen toh a’ng kichimat chiengin Ammonia(NH3) a suoh hi. Carbon toh hydrogen a’ng kichimat chiengin Methane(CH4) a’ng suoh hi. Tuachiin, leisiet pen na sa mama ahiziehin, tui pen tui maimai in a na omthei nâi sih a, a sat sêng sêng ziehin huikhuo ah tuihu na suoh paipai in na lêngmang thang let uhhi.
Pu Oparin - gêndân in, leisiet nâupanlâi in, a huikhuo sungah tuihu(water vapour), ammonia(NH3), leh methane(CH4) na om masapen uhhi. Chemical activityte na sua mama ahimanin atomte pen molecule tuomtuomte leh zat tampi na suoh zel uh ahi chiin a ngaisut hi. Suong tunga beh silicon, aluminium leh sia te pen oxygen toh na kichimat bai mama zel uhhi. Tuni’n zong singkungte patsa’n photosynthesis ziehin oxygen hing pawt sih leh, leitung a oxygen om zousie pen suongte toh kichimat in a beisiengta ding hi. Sâlevot(temperature) sâng mama ahimanin, tua hun lâiin, chemical reaction ziehin carbon toh dim moleculete chipen ‘simple organic silte’ na piengzou thamta va chiin a gingta hi.
Methane(CH4), Ammonia(NH3), leh Tui(H2O) in Alcohol(C2H5OH) ahilouleh Amino Acid(C2H5O2N) kisiemna díngin atomte na poimaw hi. Tua banga complex chemical silte siemna ding husa pen leitung husa leh kawlphemei(lightning) a patsa a hing kipan hi va chiin a kigingta hi. Kum tampi peizou chiengin tuikângpi, dîl leh buol ah tam organic moleculete vei in tuisa dâm veiden(hot thin soup) bangin a’ng omta hi. Tua amino acidte leh carbohydrate neute a’ng kigawmkhawm toutou chiengun organic macromolecule golte(polypeptides) na suoh zel hi. Tuate khu hinnanei chikhat na suoh hiva chithu a gen ahi.
Tuachiin, hinnaneilou apatin hinnanei na piengdoh ahi, a chi hi. Virus pen hinnaneilou ganhing chikhat ahi chithei ahi. Aziehpen, hinnanei cell khat tunga a’ng tuh chiengin ama in hinna a’ng neipan ahihi. Virus chini a khenthei ahi; RNA puo virus leh DNA puo virus. Singkung leh louhing viruste pen RNA puo zât ahi. Ganhing viruste pen DNA puo zât ahihi. Leitung hinnanei zousien chi tungah DNA ahilouleh RNA beh teitei ahi. DNA and RNA pen nucleic acidte ahibou hi. Deoxyribonucleic acid leh Recombinant nucleic acid china ahihi. DNA pen hinna siemna lim neupen ahihi. Hinna siemdân díng pen DNA sungah a om hi.
Tuaziehin, hinna kichi pen tuikangpi mong lam, buonnawi leh buonman opna mun khat patsa khanglui hun sawtpi laia, mun lem khat a, hinna molecule suongnu sungpan a na piengkhie hikha va chithu pen thusînna in a nei hi. Pasien in hinna khu leisiet pansa a na siem kichi khu a dih ma hileh kilawm hi.
Thumakâi(Introduction)
Lamarck leh Darwin in hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim a na suokhietdoh uh khu thutha a hisih a, khanglui lâi Romante, Greekte, Chinese, leh Muslimte in na mêlchi peh uh a na hi a, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang a, na kikhêl gige hichi thu pen mipilte’n a na theisa uh ahi. Ahivangin, tam bang thute na thei mana’nleh uh zong tualai hun a, ngâidân leh tuotdânte na omsate leh na kitheisate toh kidêhzou lou a nahi ziehin, tuami ngaituonate leh thusimte pen na piching zou lou suoh ahi. Sâins lamsang ah suichientheina chientah, suithûhna kitûptah na omlou ahimanin, tua bang tuotdân leh ngaisutna pen na lawching thei lou ahibou hi. Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa mihing kisiemdân khu zong dêhzou guol na hilou hi.
Lamarck leh Khankhietzie
Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) pen Paris khopi a Botany Professor minthang khat na hihi. Ama’n ‘Philosophic Zoologique’ laibu sungah Darwin thusim hing pien ma-in kumzalom 19 bul lam in, hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim na gen masapen ahi. Tua pen Lamarkism chiin a kithei hi. Tami thusim in hinnaneite lim leh mêl kikhêldânte( transmutation of species) hilchienna na a nei hi. Tuami thusim pen hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim kipulah masapen a suoh hi.
Lamarck gêndân in, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in hinnaneite tungah thunei nempi a nei hi, a na chi hi. Hinnanei khat in a chîn ngai khat a chîn gige a, a tahsa hieng khat a zah zing tua tahsa hieng pen kikhêlthei ahi. Tua tahsa hieng a zah gige a, ahileh, a tahsa lim leh mêl puohzie zong kikhêllamdang thei ahi. Tua banga kikhêlnate pen a hlâh a suonte tungah kipesawnthei ahi, chiin a na hil hi. Tuami tahsan hiengte a kizah mun leh tuate pen kikhêllamdangthei ahi a chi hi. Tua lou a, a kizah mun sih leh pen tuate pen hâtmaw sêmsêm in, tualeh zoi deudeu in hun sawtpi zaw chienga mangthâithei ahi, a na chi hi.
Tua bang pienzie kikhêlnate sunga pienzie lâhsawnte pen a khang a khang a chihlâhthei ahi, chi’n na gên hi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn (Inheritance of acquired characters ) a’ng nei chiengin a hlâh a suonte tungah a pesawn dinga a khangkhang in tam bang pienzie(trait) a neita ding uhhi, chiin na hil hi.
Gêntêna in, sangawngsâng(giraffe) ngawngtom(short-necked) khat in singkung saang a nâtâte a nêh sawm chiengin a ngawngtom khu a sâusah sawm zing dínga, a dohtou gige let dínga, a kêngte zong a kidohtou gige dínga, hun sawtpi zaw chiengin a ngawngtom leh a kêngtom pen khu ama thu in, a’ng sâuzawta díng hi, chiin a na gên hi. Sangawngsâng ngawngtom dente pen nâtâte bânpha zoulou ahimanun nêh díng mu zoulou in, a sigamta díng uhhi. A ngawngsâute pen nêh muzou ahi ziehun hlâh leh suonte tampite in tua pienzie lâhsawnte(acquired traits) a nei díng uhhi. Tuachi mabangin, gamléi leh buolna(environment) zil dungzuiin, gûlte zong a tahsa uh a sânsân na ziehun a tahsa uh sâu lawdoh ahia, singhawm suonghawm a kithothol gige zieh un, a kêngte uh a zang manta sih u’a, tuachi hun sawtpi zou chiengin a kêngte uh a mangthangta hi, a chi hi. Tuama bangin, chiâte zong léihawm, léinéi sunga busa den zing uh, ahimanun, a mit un khuo a mutheita sih uhhi. Tuivate zong tui a ngapngap ziehun, a kêngkâhte u’ah, kêng vunkibet(webbed feet) omta uhhi.
Lamarck thusim toh kizuiin mipil Pu Weismann ta bang pienzie lâhsawn pen a dih leh dihlou etkhietna dingin khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan hi. Tua banga khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan nua in zong tuami zu hlâh leh suonte’ mei pen tuntawng tuon sih a, tualeh a tom tuon sih hi. Siakhêngpa thapem gol pen sia a sâtsât na zieha thapem gol ahia, a hlâh leh suonte tuami thapem gol pen a pesawnthei tuon sih a, a lasawn thei tuom sih uhhi. Tua bangin Lamarck thusim pen a gen bangin a om gige tuon sih a, tua ziehin Lamarck thusim pen lâhtâhlou a na suohta hi.
Charles Darwin leh Khankhietzie(Evolution)
Tu kum February ni 12 ni pen Charles Robert Darwin pien kum a kum 200(zani) chin kum ahihi. Tua ziehin, leitung pumpi dínga a na pieh goumanpha; hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim (Theory of Evolution of living things) i minam sungah kitheichien leh chia ka’ng lêdoh ahi.
Charles Robert Darwin?-- (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) English hinnanei lam toh kisai mipil (naturalist) ahi.
Charles Darwin kichi hinnanei lam a mipil pen Shrewsbury, England gam ah mitêngthei mineizou innsung pan a na piengkhie ahi. Apa Dr. Robert na hia, a nu Susannah Wedgwood na hihi. Charles Darwin kum 8(giet) a phâh in a nu in a na muolliemsan hi. Anu si nua in, a pa leh a sanggam numeite’n a na enkoltou uhhi. Suohte etkol kawm in, inn nuomtah ah a na khanglien hi. Leisietsuimi(geologist) Adam Sedgwick(1785-1873) leh hinnanei lam a mipil John Stevens Henslow tegel pilna siemna mukhie in, ama ngaituonate tanpha a na tongkha(happen to influence) mama hi. John Henslow toh kipawl in, sisa hinnanei khanglui silte a na khawmton gel hi.
Kum 16 a chin kum 1825 kum in, Edinburgh, Scotland gam ah a pa’n doctor a na zilsah hi. Ahivangin, ama pen tua langah a lunglut sih hi. Tua hun laia, mi ki-âtte a mu chiengin a chimul a kilîng let hi. A peipidânte uh gum sêng a sah ziehin doctor zilna pen ngaisah lou in pen kum 1827 in a tawpsanta hi. Apa in theology zil dingin Cambridge ah kum 1828 in a na khumlut hi. Darwin pen tuipi ganhing chinguneiloute(marine invertebrates) suichien dingin Cambridge University in hinnalam pilna suidoh in a sawl hi.
Kum 1798 kum in Pu Thomas Malthus in Essay on the Principles of Population kichi laibu khat na suo hi. Ganhingte leh louhingte pen hlâh leh suon pung nuom mama hinnaneite ahi chiin na gên hi. Ama’n a hildân in, mihingte mising pen kum 25 chin chiengin, nêh leh tâhte a kitâhsap sih leh, a leni in a pung let díng uhhi, chiin a na phuong hi. Kum 1838 kum in Pu Darwin tuami laibu na sim a kuon in, thugûh khat a na theikhie hi. Tuami thu pen bang ahiei ? i chi leh, nêh leh tâhte a kiningchin pou a, nat leh sat a op si’a ahileh, hinnaneite pun huoisietdân a’ng mudoh a, a’ng theikhie hi.
Kikhêlna, kikhêllamdanna leh kihlenna khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) in a lampui ahi chiin a’ng theikhie hi. Tuachiin, Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) peidân(process) a’ng theichien dohta hi. Nêh leh tâhte muzou hinnaneite pen a dam sawt u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei un, a pienzie deihuoite a tâte tungah a chihlâh uhhi. Kikhêlna (i.genetic variation ii. variation )khu a kin sih a, a awl a, hun sawtpi lut ahibou hi. Khangluisuonglimte((fossils) patsa in tam thute a kitheithei hi. Khankhietzie tungtawn a lim leh kikhêllamdanna(Mutation) pen Kihinkhawina tungpan in a pieng hi.Tam banga kihinkhawite pen a pung deudeu u’a, a pienzie hoite uh a’ng tam sêmsêm a, tuachiin, hinnanei chituomte hing piengkhie uhhi. Tam bang kikhêlna khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi. Tam bangma in mihingte zong zawng leh ngâute(apes) patsa na pielkhie hlâh leh suonte ahi, a chi hi.
Mihing khankhietzie limlah (Zawng leh Ngâu mihinga hing kikhêlna limlah)
Natural Selection(kihinkhawina): Amasapen in hinnaneite khankhietzie bang ahiei ? chi i theithei nadíngin Natural Selection kichi gênchien sawm va ui. Hinnaneite tungpan a chihlâhthei pienzie deihuoite(favorable heritable traits) a hlâh leh a suonte tung pansa khang tampi peizou a, khumi pienzie deihuoite hing pung leh tam sêmsêm dinmun a dinna leh chî(gene) dangdangte a’ng pien zieha pienzie deihuoiloute hing kiem suh sêmsêm khu Natural Selection kichi ahi. Tami ziehin hinnanei chikhat zâtkhat pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, mun leh gam a’ng luodim uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna lemtan zieh leh puohzou zieha hinnaneite kihinkhawina khu Natural Selection ahi. Zohâm a Kihinkhawina chiin i minvaw díng uhhi.
Darwin; HMS Beagle têmbaw tung pan a Galápagos tuikuolgamte a khuolzinna
Kum 5 vingveng HMS Beagle têmbaw tungah tuong kawikawi in Pacific ocean tuikângpi sunga om Galápagos tuikuolgam(island) tampite a va vê kuolkuolta hi.
Tuami khuolzin sungin, leisiet piendân(geology) Charles Lyell lâibu a sim suohzaw in, leisiet hing piendân, leisiet khangluidân, leisiet pienthu leh tângthu thusim tampi a’ng theikhie hi. Kumzalom 18th lai hun in leisietsiem(geologist) te’n leitung pen kum sângtul sânga khangluiza leh upazaw ahi chi pen a theikhie u’a, Bible in a gên sânga zong upazaw tham lou in, leitung pen a hun dungzuia a lim leh mêl kikhêl zêl a na hilam a theikhie uhhi. Pasienzilmite(theologians) ngaisut banga thakhatthu kikhêl ahi sih hi,chi khu a theidoh uhhi. Khangluisuonglim(fossil) tampite zong a na kitoukhedoh a, muthei dingin mun tuomtuom apatin na kisuichien zou hi. Tuachiin, suongte in khanglui lai hun a hinnaneite lim leh mêl record in na kisim hi.
Galápagos tuikuolgam khat leh tuikuolgam dangdangte tunga têng vanêzum(finch)te pen a mêl a puom uh, a tuompien chiet in a theikhie hi. Darwin vanêzum nam 13(sawm leh thum) tah a na mukhie hi. South America gam a, a mu ngaisa vanêzum chikhat hlâhte kibang sa in, lamdang a sa hi. A nêzum leh a puom uh a etkâh chiengin a tuompien sim chiet uh a mukhie hi. Gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a tên zieh u’a, tuompien chiet un, kibangta lou uh, hiva chiin a um hi. Tuana vanêzumte pen nêh leh tâh sui dungzuia tuachia kikhêl hi ngêiva chiin a gingta hi. Ama’n a tuotna ah, a chîl in, tua vanêzumte pen South_America gam a hing kipan in khum tuikuolgam tuomtuom ah a na pêmlut uhhi, chiin a pom hi. Tuachia, mun tuom gam tuom a, ahing buol chiengun gamlei leh buolna dangdangte ah a’ng busata u’a, tuachiin dam leh bittah a, a hintheina dingun a mêl uh a’ng kikhêl zêl uhhi.
Khang tampi a’ng hi nua chiengin, nêh leh tâh mubaina leh mutheina díngin a chitung u’ah, mêllamdanna(variations, speciation) a’ng pieng hi. Tuachia kikhêltheite’n nêh leh tâhte kiningchingtahin a muthei u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei in, amaute pienzie deihuoite(favorable traits) khu a hlâh a suonte tungah chihlâh sawn uhhi. A pienzie deihuoite pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, hun hing pei zel in, tua hinnaneite pen chi tuom zât tuom in a’ng omta uhhi. Tam bang piendân pen Natural Selection tungtawn a hing omthei ahi. Kibahlouna leh mêllamdanna na om tama nanleh zong gamlei leh buolna in a têltuom khu Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi. Tuni’n tam bang mêllamdanna leh pienkikhêlna pen Adaptive radiation a kichi hi. Gamlei leh buolna in khum mêllamdanna omte lah ah,hoipen a kitêldoh hi.
Vanêzum chi tuomtuomte
Ganhingte leh louhingte lim leh mêl puohte tuomdeu leh dangdeu a mute a tuot chiengin mêltuomna(Biological Variations) “Speciation.” pen a’ng mudoh hi.
H.M.S Beagle Tembaw H.M.S Beagle’ kum 5 sung khuolzinna(1831-1836)
Tua hun sungin léisiet lam pilna tampi a na mudoh hi. Leitung a sing leh suong(vegetation) omte tampi a na mudohdânte ama’n Journal of voyage kichi laibu khat ah a mukhietteng a hilchien a, tuachiin leisiet lam toh kisai mipil tah khat in mipilte’n ama na pom uhhi. Singte(trees) leh antelouhingte(plants), Ganhingte(animals) leh gamsate(wild animals) leh khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kithêzâhdante a ngaisut chiengin Charles Darwin in chi khat apat a, chituom leh chidang puo in lim leh mêl kikhêl lamdanna bangchi kihlen/pien( transmutation of species) ahiei? chi pen a’ng tuotzaw chiengin Natural Selection Thusim(theory) kum 1838 in ama’n a na sutuo hi.
Hun sawt kuomtah tua tuikuolgamte sunga a’ng zah zou chiengin, Lai Siengthou sunga kigênsa mihing kisiemdân toh kikalthei dîng hinnaneite(mihingte) khankhietzie thusim(theory of human evolution) khat a’ng mukhie hi. Tuami pen ahileh; hinnanei zousie pen Natural Selection tungtawn a, pienna hlâhtute kibang(common ancestors) pansa hing kuondoh vive ahihi, chiin hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(Human Evolution) khat a’ng puongdoh hi.
Tua hunlai in mihing leh hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim pen gam leh haw ah na kigen minthang zouta hi. Ahivangin, koima’n thusim thuhtah leh pansia ding a na mu sih u’a, Darwin kichi pa khat in a thusim thuhte leh pansia techite na suikhiet dungzuiin ama pen a mu masapen khat suoh ahizaw hi. Mipil dangte’n zong tam bang thusim pen na ngaisut chiet ma uh leh zong, a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna theikhen lou un, na om uhhi. Darwin in a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna a’ng khenthei chiengin thusim lamdang mama khat a’ng mukhethei hi.
Ama’n a na theikhiet leh na pulah thupipen ahileh; tu-a hinnanei chituomtuom zousie pen hlâhtu kibang sungpan a na piengdoh leh na khanglien(Evolution Of Man ) ahi ban u’ah, kum tampi kivei in, Natural selection na kichi peidân(process) khat tungtawn a na khangkhetou leh na kikhêltou zêl uh ahi.
Darwin mukhiet mihing khankhietzie(Human Evolution) thusim(theory)(Darwin's Theory Of Evolution ) in hinna(nuntàtna) chi tuomtuomte pen kum sângtul(million) hun peisa hun in amate’ hlâhtu kibangte(common ancestors) apatin hinkhawina(natural selection) tungtawn in, na khanglienzou ahi, a na chi apatsa in leitung a pil leh siemte sâintiste ngaidan leh minâutangte(common people) ngaituodân na tuomsah zou hi.
Pu Charles Darwin in kum 1858 a, thusim a giel lâiin Pu Alfred Russel Wallace in ama’a toh kisûn thusim(theory) khat a hlâh a, Darwin thusim toh a kibang mama hi. Tuazaw in amani’n a thusim gêl Journal of the Linnaean Society ah a suoton uhhi. Charles Darwin in kum 1859, November hla ni 24 ni in On the Origin of Species laibu sungah Natural Selection kichi thutengte na giel masa hi. Tuani ma in tuami laibu pen a kizua sieng pai hi. Kum 1871 kum in The_Descent_of_Man and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex laibu nasuo hi. Pu Herbert Spencer in kum 1851 kum in thuguitawng(phrase) ‘survival of the fittest’ kigen minthang pen na zang masapen hi. A guolpa Pu Thomas Henry Huxley(1825-1895) in tuami Darwin laibu pen a’ng sim chiengin kichien mama a sa a, ama’n a na tuottheiloudante a ngaisut chiengin, a tha na mama, pum in a mawldanpi a phuongzah hi.
Tuami thusim peidan a’ng kithêzâh bep in leitung a mipil misiemte leh minâutângte ngaituona, lungsim leh theina tampi a tongkha(influence) hi. Bangzieh a, hinnanei scientist(sâintis) khat ta banga sâintis thupite- Galileo , Isaac Newton leh Albert_Einstein te toh kikimton a kithupi ngâi ahiei? chi pen ngaituo tham ching ahi, ka chi ut hi.
Charles Darwin mukhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(theory) tam aneia bang ahi:-
Charles Darwin in Lamarck thusim(theory) pen a na pom sih hi. Ama’n ‘Origin of Species’ laibu sunga a gen thupipente khu mêllamdanna, hinna kidemna leh hlâh leh suonte tunga pienzie chihlâhna(heredity). Ganhingte hun pei dungzuin a kikhêlzou uhhi. Tuni’a ganhing I mute uh, khanglui laia toh kibanglou ahi. Khanglui lâia ganhing tampite tuni’n a gam siengta uhhi. Leisiet a om den ahisih a, a kikhêl let ahi. Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) pen têchi(evidence) hoi mama pawlkhat ahihi.
Leitung a hinnanei gamsate, ganhingte, ganingte(insects), singkung leh antelouhingte pen a hlâhtu(ancstor) kibang(common, same) patsa hing kipankhie ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kivei zouin, lim leh mêl tuomtuom chiet in a’ng kikhêl uhhi. Hinnaneite pen a’ng pun chiengun tahsa hoinate leh sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, a dangte pen a sigam let hi. Pienzie neihoite bou a hing u’a, a poumaw a piengmawte pen a gam sieng let hi. Tam bang kikhêlna ziehin hinnaneite in mêl leh puom, tahsapien, sisan tuomna a na nei uh khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi.
(chi tuomtuomte)
(a kibang hlâhtute)
Hlâh leh suon singkung
1. Gâsuonna nempi(enormous fertility): Hinnanei zousie tup thupipen ahileh hlâh leh suon, ta leh nau nei ding, damsawt ding chi ahihi. Gâsuonna(fertility) nempi leh lamdangtah ziehin hinnaneite(Living Things-plants and animals, organisms) pen a leni in a pung zel u’a, a khang a khang in a leni sawnsawn in a mising(population) in a pung sêmsêm uhhi. Tam bang pundân pen Mângkam in geometric series(1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128--) a pung let a kichi hi. Tam banga a’ng pun chiengun, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in a puohzou lou in, nêh leh táhte muzou lou khop in a pung let uhhi. Tam pen bangchi banga piengthei ahiei chi pen tam aneia bang in a kigen hi. Hinnaneite pen hlâh leh suon neina lam ah a pung tam bai mama uhhi. Akhang akhang in kop khat khu kop ni a suoh a, kopni khu kop li a suoh a, kop li khu kop giet a suoh a, tam chiin a leni sim in a pung let hi. Manghâm in geometric series(GP) a, pung a kichi hi. Geometric series (2-4-8-16-32-64-128…). Tam banga ganhingte a pun huoisiet vangin, kihinkhawina in a phal let sih a, tampipi a sigam zel u’a, tuachiin ganhingte mising a hunbep khat in a omden hi.
Leitung a hinnanei ganhingte, singkungte leh gamsate hlâh leh suonte khu dam chietta uh henlen hlâh leh suonte nei kim kia chietta uh leh, pen leitung pumpi a luodim paita ding uhhi. Darwin tam thute pen angka(math) tuottuona zangin a khuot hi. Ama’n a mukhietdan a gielna ah hichiin a gen hi.
Darwin in hichi in na gen hi, “Sâi pen gantate lah a, hlâh leh suon neiha mama leh nei vaigei pen vawt khat ahi. Sâi nupa khat nâunei ding dan leh a pundan ding ka tuottuo chiengin a nâipen in kum 30 a chin(upat) chiengin sâipi khat in nâu(ta)neita henlen, tuachiin kum 90 a upat tandongin a tawmpen in ta 6(guh) nei tamaleh, kum 750 hun peizou chiengin tam sâi nupa patsa’n a hlâh leh suon piengkheteng dam kim chiet uhleh, pen sâi 19,000,000(sângtul 19) pha phiel díng hi” a chi hi.
2. Hinna kituna (Struggle for existence) Hinnaneite ahilouleh Ganhingte missing(census, population) pen gamléi leh buolna mun a nêh leh tâhte in a puohzoulou leh vâhzoulou chiengun, amauh leh amauh kidem(struggle, compete) leh kitu(fight for, contest) zing in a hing uhhi. “Nê inlen kinesah in’(eat and be eaten) chidan hinkhuo mangin hinnaneite a om uhhi. Hinna dei ziehin a kidem a kidou ngitnget uhhi. Kidemna chi thum a om hi;
i) Amauh leh amauh kikâl a ann, kibuhna, kibuolna, vâh leh sil dangdang kitu a kidem gige na khu innsung a kituna Intraspecific Struggle kichi ahi. Numei pasal chi bang tel tuomna tualeh neita zonna chite bang kideitelna leh kidemna chikhat ahi.
ii) Anina ah, hinnanei chikhat leh chituom kidemna leh kidouna khu Interspecific struggle kichi ahi. Gêntêna díngin, sakhi ahisihleh sazuh humpi khat in a mat sawm chienga a pîtsawm, a kituh dam khu china ahi.
iii) Gamléi leh buolna toh kidemna(Struggle with environment): Gamlei leh buolna sungah hamsatna chituomtuom a’ng tun chiengin hinnaneite’n thuoh hasa a sa mama uhhi.Gamsat, gamgaw, vot leh sat, tuilien, leitung satna leh huikhuo kikhêl ziehin hinnaneite’n gentheina tampi a tuoh uhhi. Tamte khu gamlei leh buolna toh kidemna kichi ahi.
3. Mêllamdanna leh Chihlâhna(Variation and Heredity)-
Pienna nu leh pa ahisihleh chîkhat(one species) sunga mêl leh puom tuomna, kikhêlna, kibahlouna, kilamdanna, chituomna leh mêltuomna khu Mêllamdanna kichi ahi.
Khankhietzie pientheina dingin, tam mêllamdanna khu poimaw leh kul ahihi. Tam gel tel louin hinnaneite khankhietzie piengthei lou ahi. Tam bang mêllamdanna pen chihlâh a opthei sih leh khankhietzie omthei tuon lou ahi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn(acquired traits)te pen chihlâhthei(heritable) ahi têi ngâi ahi. Tua bang a’ng hithei chienga khankhietzie a’ng piengthei pan ahi. Lamarck thusim kipomtheilouna pen pienzie kichhlâhthei lou zieh ahi.
4. Kihinkhawina ahilouleh Achìngpên damna(Natural Selection or Survival of the fittest):
Hinnanei tampite kidem leh kidou in a hinkhuo uh amang zel uhhi. Hinanleh, sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, tuate neiloute pen a simang zel uhhi.
Nêh leh táhte(resources) muzou lou ziehin amauh leh amauh kidem in a’ng om u’a, , nêh leh táhte kitu in a kibântha zel uhhi. Tuachia a’ng op chiengun a lah u’a, a hâtpen leh a chìngpente a hing(dam) u’a, a poumaw/piengmaw/hâtmawte a sigam uhhi. Tam bang optandân pen Darwin ma-in Herbert Spencer in achìngpen kihinkhawna khu ‘survival of the fittest’ a na chi hi. Hinnaneite lah a a chìngpente’n a tahsa tunga a chiziete(genes) khu a hlâh leh suonte tungah a pesawn leh a chihlâh sawn u’a, tuachiin a khang uh a hoipien sêm hi. Tua ziehin, a chìngpen a hing/dam a, hlâh leh suon tampi a neithei uhhi.
A piengmawte pen chihlâh neilouin a si uhhi. Achíngloute leh a poumawte pen gên selouin a mangthang u’a, a sigam sieng zêl hi. Tam bang kideitêlna leh kichitelna pen Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi.
5. Gamléi leh buolna kihlen zieha mêllamdanna pieng(Variations due to changing environment):
Gam leh léitang hoi mun a, hinnanei khangliente leh têngte adíngin damna leh bitna a hoi sêm a, tuachiin a pung sêmsêm thei uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna hamsatna leh gentheina a’ng tun dungzuiin hinnaneite pen in kikhêltheina pienzie a nei uh kul hi. Tuachi sih leh a dam zou sih ding u’a, a gam siengta ding uhhi.
Tuachiin a hlâh a suonte tungah a chî hoinate pesawn in, a chihlâh u’a, gamlei leh buolna in a opkhum zâl in, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang in, lim leh mêl kikhêlna nei toutuou in, kum tampi nua chiengin, a pienna kibang hinapiin, chituomtuom nam tuomtuom bangin ahing omta uhhi.
6. Origin of Species
Darwin gêndân in, hinnanei chi kibangte khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia a dam chiet uh a, a kihinkhawi u’a ahileh, khang tampi kum tampi zaw chiengin tua chi kibang hinnaneite pen a hlâhtu leh a pienna nu leh pate toh a lim a mêl uh, a puom uh a kisunta sih díng u’a, tuachiin amate pen chituom zât tuom bangin a kisimta díng hi.
Kum sângtultul tungtawn a hichi bang peidân zuiin kikhêlna na pieng den ahita ziehin, hinnanei masapen; hlâhtu masapen, patsa tunia hinnanei; ganhingte leh louhingte na piengkhie ahihi. Khang tampi a’ng peizou chiengin hinnanei chi kibang luite kihinkhawina ziehin a’ng kikhenkhie zêl u’a, tuachiin chituom deu leh chitha a na lêngkhie let hi. Humpi, Tawpi, Ngêu, Gielpawl, Kâmkei, Taw-u(To-u) ganhingte in kibahna nempi nei ahi ziehun, amaute pen mêllamdanna leh kihinkhawina zieha hlâhtu kibang patsa, na kikhenkhedoh uh ahi uhhi. Tuachiin, tuniin amaute pen chituom nam(species) tuom bangin a kisimta hi.
Darwin thusim(theory) tomkim in tam aneia bang ahi.
1. Hinnaneite a’ng pun chiengun kidemna a’ng pieng a, ahivangin, a mising uh a ngaingai in a khawlden hi.
2. Kidemna a’ng op chiengin achìngpente a khinkhawina ziehin mêllamdanna leh chihlâhna a tung hi.
3. Achìngpente gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuiin a’ng damzou u’a pienzie deihuoite a chitung u’ah a puo u’a, tuachiin a hlâh leh a suonte uh tungah a chihlâh sawn zêl uhhi. Tuachia kum tampi a khang akhang a, a’ng kichihlâh toutou chiengun hlâhtu kibang patsa’n hinnanei chituom nam tuom a’ng piengkhie hi.
Hinnaneite khankhietzie têchite bangteng a om ei? (Evolution evidences)
Hinnaneite khankhietzie techite ganhingte khangguolna, mêlpuohdân, pienchîltui (embryology),kimatkaina(link),khangluileisietsuina(palaentology), tahsapien(physiology) leh leitung ganhingte kihawmzâhdân te tungpan in a kitheithei hi.
i) Khangguolna(Taxonomy); ganhingte a khangsimna uh, a neupen apat a lienzaw lam a ahing kiguol a, ahing kisim leh, hinnaneite pen cell khat maimai patsa cell nempi nei ganhing in a’ng kiguol toutou hi. Tam in bang a etsah e? i chi leh, ganhingte pen cell khat a pat a na piengkhie in, khankhietzie zieha ganhing cell tampi nei na suoh ahi uhhi.
ii) Mêlpuohdân(Morphology): Mihing khut, sakol kêng, bâh hla, nga ngingku, Artic seal khut-hiem leh adangdangte pen a sep(toh) díng uh kibang a na kibawl ahihi, hinanleh, gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a na op zieh u’a, mêl kikim leh kibang a, na pieng lou ahi. Tam pen Homology kichi ahi. Vestigial organs kichite khanglui laiin, a panna na om ma leh zong tuchiengin a pannabei in tahsa hieng bangin a mawh omta hi. Etsahnate; sampi keme, nausen meigu, kiwi meitom, ostrich hlakui, mihing gilpeng, mihing meigu, mihing bilngêh leh adangdangte ahihi.
iii) Kimatkaina(connecting links
Tang a kimkhat reptile, a kimkhat mammal, a tui a thah vanga, mammal banga a mul nei vethou. Archaeopteryx kichi pen a kimkhat va a kimkhat reptile tuitha ganhing chikhat na hihi, reptile te apat a vate na lêngkhie ahi, chi pen kitheichienta hi.
iv) Pienchîltuisimna(embryology) patsa’n khankhietzie a kitheithei hi.
Ganhingte pienchîltui(embryo) te a upatdân a kibah laitah a, a ki-etton chiengin, a lim a mêl uh a kibang chiet u’a, khenkhietdân hasa mama hi.
v) Tahsapien(physiology): Mihing sisan group A, B, AB ahilouleh O ahithei a, A leh B group te ngâute sisan ah zong a kimuthei hi. Zawngte sisan tam bang a om sih hi. Tua ahimanin, ngâute pen mihingte natna veithei in a kithei hi. Tahsapien kibahna khu khankhietzie na pien zieh ahi. Thyroid gland te mihing leh ganhingte sa tungah a om a, tuami in tahsapien kibahna a’ng tun hi.
vi) Ganhingte kihawmzâhdân: Leitung a ganhingte mun tuom gam tuom ah a têng uhhi. Gam leh muol sâlevot kibah dungzuiin ganhingte zong kibang chiet deidoi sam hi. Gamsa gam India leh Africa gamte ah saite a om a, Brazil gam ah sai a om sih hi. Marsupial leh montreme te New Zealand leh Australia a om u’a, gam dang ah a om sih uhhi. Creataceous khang; Gondwana gambup leh Australia gambup na kikhenkhiet lai hun a, marsupialte leh monotremete a tuom in na têng u’a, chi tuom nam tuom na suoh uhhi.
vii) Khangluileisietsuina(palaentology): Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) zilna khu Palaeontology kichi ahi. Khanglui laia, ganhingte sisate suongsuoh pawlkhat khu suong tung suong sungah a kilang let uhhi. Gahing khat suong a suo chienga tua bang suodân khu Petrification kichi ahi. Petrification pen suongsuoh chithei ahi. Nidanglaia, singna, ganingte hlakui, gamsate, vate gu leh tângte, dinosal gute, vuasaite, chingpi gute leh adangdangte na kigawlching khu khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kichi ahi. Tamte patsa’n etsahna dingin sakol hing kipatna a hlâhtu masapen a’ng kitheithei a, a kikhêldânte khangluisuonglimte tungah etthei díngin a na kimudoh hi.
Tulai sakolte pen sakol bang Eohippus patsa na pielkhie dân ahi thu theichien in a om hi. Tuazawin, Mesohippus a’ng lêngkhie a, tuazouin, Merychippus a na piel a, tuachiin tunia i sakol mute uh pen Equus kichi sakol hlâhtu pansa hing pieng ahi.
Biehna leh Scientiste demna
Darwin in a thusim a’ng pulah zou a kipatin, tuami thusim demse ding scientist tampite leh biehna lam siempute tampite na om hi. Ama’n scientist khangdawngte pen a thuzawzou a, hinanleh, scientist minthang Pu Richard Owen leh leisietsiem leh hinnasuisiem(biologist); Pu Louis Agassiz te a na thuzawzou sih hi.
Church of England in a mawpai pai sih hi. Siempu pawlkhat in tuami thusim pen Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa Pasien updân leh Pasien thu leh la(theology) toh kikêlkî ahimanin, tua pen ginna susethei ahi chiin na nielkal uhhi. Darwin lawmte; Adam Sedgwick leh John Stevens Henslow tegel leh Charles Hodge in a pom sih uhhi. Thomas Henry Huxley in Darwin thusim pen nâhpitahin a panpi a, ama pen Darwin ‘bulldog’ chiin na kiminvaw va-iah hi. Kum 1860 kum in Oxford ah Evolution Debate khat na om hi. Tuanah, Oxford Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in na ha nielkal hi. Joseph Hooker in a na hu hi. Siempu Charles Kinsley in hinnaneite kihinkhawina Pasien silsiem vanzah khat hiva chiin a updân thu a phuong hi.
A lâibu suokhiet ‘Origin of Species’ patsa’n Lâi Siengtho bung Siemchîlbu sunga na kigielsa; Pasien in mihing na siemdân kalthei dínga ahing optâh chiengin biehna siempu tampite na buoisezâh gawp uhhi. Siemtu khat in mihing leh ganhingte na siem ahi chia, Lâi Siengtho sunga na kigielsa leh mihingte na upsa ginna pen demse dân a, a’ng optâh chiengin siempu pawlkhat in Charles Darwin pen ginsuolna bawltu (heresy) ahi chiin thâ díng mat díngin vâi a na hawm uhhi. Mihing leh silbangkim Pasien na khên,na siem leh na suhtûp ahi, chi pen biehna lamkâite’n a gên thupi uhhi. Manghâm in Intelligent Design theory a kichi hi. Thuneitu tungnungpenpa khat in silbangkim a na khên(designed) ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Bangteng hita ma nanleh zong hinnanei kichite khu cell neunou khat a patsa hing kipan hima uh leh zong tua cell neunou pen khu Pasien siem ahi veve hi, chiin a pom thou uhhi.
Catholic Biehna in hinnaneite khankhietzie a na pomdân(Vatican view of evolution)pen Darwin thusim toh na kikal pumpâng tuon si’a, a na pom siem veve hi. Catholic Biehna Pa Pope Pius XII in kum 1950 kum in thusuobu(Encyclicals/Humani_Generis) ah, Darwin thusim tungtâng thute ngâidân a na phuongzâh hi. Tuami ahileh; Biehna in silsiemte leh hinnaneite khankhietzie suichienna leh thukupna lamsang khu mipil misiemte’n Pasien thu leh late, toh kikumkal lou a, a suichienthei nâh uh leh, tuate pen khâm ahi sih hi, chiin thuphuonna na bawl hi. Tua bân ah, mihing hing pienna toh kisai thute ah, mihing khu hinnaneite hlâhtu kibang chikhat pansa hing kuon ahi, chi toh kizuiin, upna leh ginna lam ah pen mihing hlagâu(hla) khu Pasien siem ma ahi chiin a pomkip hi. Pa Pope John Paul II(anina) in hinnaneite khankhietzie khu a dih ma ahi, chiin na gênzou hi(Catholic view of Evolution and Darwin).
Khangluileisietsuina(Paleontology): Khangluileisiet kimudohte patsa’n hinnaneite khankhietzie a kitheithei hi, chiin a kigen hi. Ahivanga, hinnaneite khankhietzie a kingaisut tahtah chiengin ganhing khat leh ganhing khat hei sung taha na kikhendoh uh ahiei? chipen mu hamsa mama hi. Nu sung pa sung khat a na kuondoh himauhleh zong bangpen a na kipetuo uh e, bangchih hun a na kikhen uh ahi uoi? Gentêna khat ah, dinosalte patsa vabang Archaeopteryx na kuondoh ahi i chitâh u’a, ahileh, tuate gel kikâl a ganhingte bang lim leh mêl a na hi diei? chi pen i ngaituo chiengin sil ngaituo hasa mama pi khat a suoh hi.
Ngâute patsa mihing hing kuondoh ahiei? (Man from Apes ?)
Mipil pawlkhatte’n khangluisuonglim kimudohte leh kitoudohte pansa’n hinnanei khankhietzie thusim pen a mân ma ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Ahivangin, Pasien silsiem gingtate vangin, mihing khankhietzie têchite pen khangluisuonglim tuntawngte na kimudohte pou ahi; ha them, hate, pheigu(malgu) tawng pou, talpang gu halthem, khagu, khelgu pou na hihi. Hinnaneisuisiemte’n tua gu kimudohte a na suhtuotuo un, khuchiin, khanglui lâia mihing lim leh mêl toh kisun in na bawltawm uh ahi, chiin a nuol uhhi.
Tam bang gu leh tâng kimudohte pen kimkhatte zuouthu zuounâl toh na kibawl hi chiin na kitheikhie zêl hi.
Kikhêllamdanna(Mutations): Darwin thusim peipidân pen kum sângtultul lam peizaw chienga silpieng thute a gênna ahibou hi. Hinanleh, a thusim in thakhat a hinnaneite kikhêllamdanna peidân a hilchien thei sih hi. Tam bang thakhat a kikhêllamdannate(Mutations) pen a hoina lam ah a pei sih a, se lam ah a lêng hi. Bawng kineilou, ngêu mulbei, ui meineilou te pen kikhêllamdanna zieh ahihi. Tua ahimanin, Darwin thusim pen kiptah a, pomthei lou a suoh hi.
Kihinkhawina têchite(evidences)
Industrial Revolution laiin khawlte patsa’n innkîng leh leivom nempi na pawtdohte in singkungte a vomsah a, singpante a gamsah hi. Tua ziehin chithah kâng a na tawmsuh a, chithah vom na pung hi. Chithah vomte(peppered-moth, black moth) pen vâte in a muchienthei lou uh ahimanin, a pung deudeu u’a, chithah kângte(light-coloured moths) mising(population, number) pen a kiem deudeu uhhi. Tam in chithah khankhietzie leh mêllamdanna chientah in a kawmu hi. Global warming ziehin, khinkhawina optheina dingin, Japan gam ah tuikeppâte in a sex(numei ahilouleh pasal hina) uh a khêlthei uh hi.
John Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel, modern genetics pa pen Darwin toh khanguol a na hi uhhi. Darwin puohkhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim leh Mendel genetics tamte gel kigawm in Synthetic Theory of Evolution ahisihleh Neo-Darwinism ahilouleh Modern evolutionary synthesis chiin mintha a na kivaw hi. Natural selection ziehin a damsawt leh a damsaute in hlâh leh suon tam a neithei uhhi.
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Translated into Zohâm/Zokam by Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)
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